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777 Results
This interim guidance from the CDC describes how to implement safety practices for critical infrastructure workers who may have been exposed to a person with suspected or confirmed COVID-19.
Published Date: 04-20-2020Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Resource Tags:
- Format: PDF
- Resource Type: Operational Guideline
- Infectious Disease: COVID-19
- Topics Covered: Essential Services, Risk of Transmission, Workplace Preparedness, Workplace Response
- Industry: Other Industry
- Language: English
- Country: United States
To ensure continuity of operations of essential functions, CDC advises that critical infrastructure workers may be permitted to continue work following potential exposure to COVID-19, provided they remain asymptomatic and additional precautions are implemented to protect them and the community. A potential exposure means being a household contact or having close contact within 6 feet of an individual with confirmed or suspected COVID-19. The timeframe for having contact with an individual includes the period of time of 48 hours before the individual became symptomatic.
Citation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim guidance for implementing safety practices for critical infrastructure workers who may have had exposure to a person with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. [Online] https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/critical-workers-implementing-safety-practices.pdf. Published 2020.
This factsheet describes why respiratory and face protection is critically important for protecting healthcare personnel from exposures to SARS-CoV-2 when evaluating patients that are suspected or known to have COVID-19. The factsheet was written by several experts in the field of occupational health and safety, infectious disease, and epidemiology.
Published Date: 03-27-2020Source: American Industrial Hygiene Association
Author(s): Rosen J, Gibbs S, Brosseau L, Mitchell A
Resource Tags:
- Format: PDF
- Resource Type: Factsheet
- Infectious Disease: COVID-19
- Topics Covered: Airborne/ Aerosol-based Transmission, Respiratory Protection, Risk of Transmission, Workplace Preparedness, Workplace Response
- Industry: Healthcare/Public Health/Human Services
- Language: English
This alert is a call to action to address the shortage of PPE and respirators needed to protect healthcare workers who are assigned to care for patients who are suspect or confirmed COVID-19 cases. We know from past pandemics that frontline healthcare workers have a high risk of exposure. Historically and in the current pandemic there have beenreports of large numbers of healthcare workers being infectedand some deaths. Protecting our healthcare workers is not only a moral imperative but essential to maintaining the necessary professional staff to provide care to the infected and diseased during this crisis.
Citation: Rosen J, Gibbs S, Brosseau L, Mitchell, A. Take action to address the worldwide shortage of respirators and face protection for COVID-19 response. CDC 2020. https://aflcio.org/sites/default/files/2020-03/Action%20to%20Address%20the%20Shortage%20of%20%20Respirators%20and%20Facemasks%20for%20COVID%20Final.pdf. Published March 27, 2020.
COMMENTARY: COVID-19 transmission messages should hinge on science
Resource Description:This commentary by a national expert on respiratory protection and infectious diseases provides recommendations for how to communicate information about COVID-19 transmission to the public and health care workers.
Published Date: 03-16-2020Source: Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP)
Author(s): Brosseau L
Resource Tags:
- Format: PDF
- Resource Type: Commentary/ Opinion
- Infectious Disease: COVID-19
- Topics Covered: Access to Information, Airborne/ Aerosol-based Transmission, Dermal/ Surface Transmission, Risk of Transmission
- Industry: Healthcare/Public Health/Human Services, Other Industry
- Language: English
- Country: United States
Citation: Brosseau L. COMMENTARY: COVID-19 transmission messages should hinge on science. CIDRAP. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/03/commentary-covid-19-transmission-messages-should-hinge-science. Published March 16, 2020.
Aerosol transmission of infectious disease
Resource Description:This literature review evaluated the concept of aerosol transmission in order to resolve limitations in conventional definitions of airborne and droplet transmission. Biological plausibility of aerosol transmission is evaluated for SARS and norovirus and discussed for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, influenza, and Ebola virus.
Published Date: 05-01-2015Author(s): Jones RM, Brosseau LM
Resource Tags:
- Format: PDF
- Resource Type: Review Article
- Infectious Disease: Ebola Virus Disease, Influenza, Norovirus, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), Tuberculosis
- Topics Covered: Airborne/ Aerosol-based Transmission, Risk of Transmission
- Language: English
Objective: The concept of aerosol transmission is developed to resolve limitations in conventional definitions of airborne and droplet transmission. Methods: The method was literature review. Results: An infectious aerosol is a collection of pathogen-laden particles in air. Aerosol particles may deposit onto or be inhaled by a susceptible person. Aerosol transmission is biologically plausible when infectious aerosols are generated by or from an infectious person, the pathogen remains viable in the environment for some period of time, and the target tissues in which the pathogen initiates infection are accessible to the aerosol. Biological plausibility of aerosol transmission is evaluated for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus and norovirus and discussed for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, influenza, and Ebola virus. Conclusions: Aerosol transmission reflects a modern understanding of aerosol science and allows physically appropriate explanation and intervention selection for infectious diseases.
Citation: Jones RM, Brosseau LM. Aerosol transmission of infectious disease. J Occup Environ Med. 2015;57(5):501-508. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000448
NIOSH/CDC web resource which recommends practices for extended use and limited reuse of NIOSH-certified N95 filtering facepiece respirators (commonly called N95 respirators). The recommendations are intended for use by professionals who manage respiratory protection programs in healthcare institutions to protect health care workers from job-related risks of exposure to infectious respiratory illnesses.
Published Date: 03-27-2020Source: NIOSH/CDC
Resource Tags:
- Format: Website
- Resource Type: Clinical Guideline
- Infectious Disease: General Respiratory Illness
- Topics Covered: Airborne/ Aerosol-based Transmission, Dermal/ Surface Transmission, Respiratory Protection, Risk of Transmission, Workplace Preparedness
- Industry: Healthcare/Public Health/Human Services
- Language: English
- Country: United States
This document recommends practices for extended use and limited reuse of NIOSH-certified N95 filtering facepiece respirators (commonly called N95 respirators). The recommendations are intended for use by professionals who manage respiratory protection programs in healthcare institutions to protect health care workers from job-related risks of exposure to infectious respiratory illnesses.
Citation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommended guidance for extended use and limited reuse of N95 filtering facepiece respirators in healthcare settings [Online] Available at https://vamedicine.ucsf.edu/sites/vamedicine.ucsf.edu/files/inline-files/Recommended%20Guidance%20for%20Extended%20Use%20and%20Limited%20Reuse%20of%20N95%20Filtering%20Facepiece%20Respirators%20in%20Healthcare%20Settings.pdf. Published 2020.
This clinical trial randomized participants to medical masks, N95 respirators, or targeted use of N95 respirators while doing high-risk procedures or barrier nursing. The study found that continuous use of N95 respirators was more efficacious against CRI than intermittent use of N95 or medical masks.
Published Date: 05-01-2013Author(s): MacIntyre CR, Wang Q, Seale H, Yang P, Shi W, Gao Z, Rahman B, Zhang Y, Wang X, Newall AT, Heywood A, Dwyer DE
Resource Tags:
- Format: PDF
- Resource Type: Research Article
- Infectious Disease: General Respiratory Illness
- Topics Covered: Airborne/ Aerosol-based Transmission, Clinical Research, Efficacy/Effectiveness Research, Epidemiology Research, Respiratory Protection, Risk of Transmission
- Industry: Healthcare/Public Health/Human Services
- Language: English
- Country: China
Rationale: We compared three policy options for the use of medical masks and N95 respirators in healthcare workers (HCWs). Objectives: A cluster randomized clinical trial of 1,669 hospital-based HCWs in Beijing, China in the winter of 2009-2010. Methods: Participants were randomized to medical masks, N95 respirators, or targeted use of N95 respirators while doing high-risk procedures or barrier nursing. Outcomes included clinical respiratory illness (CRI) and laboratory-confirmed respiratory pathogens in symptomatic subjects. Measurements and main results: The rate of CRI was highest in the medical mask arm (98 of 572; 17 ), followed by the targeted N95 arm (61 of 516; 11.8 ), and the N95 arm (42 of 581; 7.2 ) (P 0.05). Bacterial respiratory tract colonization in subjects with CRI was highest in the medical mask arm (14.7 ; 84 of 572), followed by the targeted N95 arm (10.1 ; 52 of 516), and lowest in the N95 arm (6.2 ; 36 of 581) (P = 0.02). After adjusting for confounders, only continuous use of N95 remained significant against CRI and bacterial colonization, and for just CRI compared with targeted N95 use. Targeted N95 use was not superior to medical masks. Conclusions: Continuous use of N95 respirators was more efficacious against CRI than intermittent use of N95 or medical masks. Most policies for HCWs recommend use of medical masks alone or targeted N95 respirator use. Continuous use of N95s resulted in significantly lower rates of bacterial colonization, a novel finding that points to more research on the clinical significance of bacterial infection in symptomatic HCWs. This study provides further data to inform occupational policy options for HCWs. Clinical trial registered with Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry http://www.anzctr.org.au (ACTRN 12609000778280).
Citation: MacIntyre CR, Wang Q, Seale H, Yang P, Shi W, Gao Z, Rahman B, Zhang Y, Wang X, Newall AT, Heywood A, Dwyer DE. A randomized clinical trial of three options for N95 respirators and medical masks in health workers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(9):960-966. doi:10.1164/rccm.201207-1164OC
Viable influenza A virus in airborne particles expelled during coughs versus exhalations.
Resource Description:Research article directly comparing the generation of aerosol particles containing viable influenza virus during coughs and exhalations in humans.
Published Date: 09-01-2016Author(s): Lindsley WG, Blachere FM, Beezhold DH, Thewlis RE, Noorbakhsh B, Othumpangat S, Goldsmith WT, McMillen CM, Andrew ME, Burrell CN, Noti JD
Resource Tags:
- Format: PDF
- Resource Type: Research Article
- Infectious Disease: Influenza
- Topics Covered: Airborne/ Aerosol-based Transmission, Risk of Transmission
- Language: English
Background: To prepare for a possible influenza pandemic, a better understanding of the potential for the airborne transmission of influenza from person to person is needed. Objectives: The objective of this study was to directly compare the generation of aerosol particles containing viable influenza virus during coughs and exhalations. Methods: Sixty-one adult volunteer outpatients with influenza-like symptoms were asked to cough and exhale three times into a spirometer. Aerosol particles produced during coughing and exhalation were collected into liquid media using aerosol samplers. The samples were tested for the presence of viable influenza virus using a viral replication assay (VRA). Results: Fifty-three test subjects tested positive for influenza A virus. Of these, 28 (53 ) produced aerosol particles containing viable influenza A virus during coughing, and 22 (42 ) produced aerosols with viable virus during exhalation. Thirteen subjects had both cough aerosol and exhalation aerosol samples that contained viable virus, 15 had positive cough aerosol samples but negative exhalation samples, and 9 had positive exhalation samples but negative cough samples. Conclusions: Viable influenza A virus was detected more often in cough aerosol particles than in exhalation aerosol particles, but the difference was not large. Because individuals breathe much more often than they cough, these results suggest that breathing may generate more airborne infectious material than coughing over time. However, both respiratory activities could be important in airborne influenza transmission. Our results are also consistent with the theory that much of the aerosol containing viable influenza originates deep in the lungs.
Citation: Lindsley WG, Blachere FM, Beezhold DH, Thewlis RE, Noorbakhsh B, Othumpangat S, Goldsmith WT, McMillen CM, Andrew ME, Burrell CN, Noti JD. Viable influenza A virus in airborne particles expelled during coughs versus exhalations. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2016;10(5):404-413. doi:10.1111/irv.12390
Evidence from surveillance studies indicates gaps in hospitals' respiratory protection programmatic operations, and healthcare workers' (HCWs) marginal compliance with respiratory protection recommended practices. Improper use of respiratory protective devices (RPDs) may expose HCWs to infectious respiratory illnesses. In this document, NIOSH addresses common myths related to respiratory protection and provides information to reinforce respiratory protection program administrator responsibilities and HCW knowledge concerning the proper use of these devices so that they can be prepared for the next public health emergency and best protect themselves in daily practice.
Published Date: 03-01-2016Source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Author(s): Krah J, Novak D, Stradtman L
Resource Tags:
- Format: PDF
- Resource Type: Other Resource Type
- Infectious Disease: General Infectious Disease, General Respiratory Illness, Influenza
- Topics Covered: Airborne/ Aerosol-based Transmission, Respiratory Protection, Risk of Transmission, Workplace Preparedness
- Industry: Healthcare/Public Health/Human Services
- Language: English
Evidence from surveillance studies indicates gaps in hospitals' respiratory protection programmatic operations and healthcare workers' (HCWs) marginal compliance with respiratory protection recommended practices. Improper use of respiratory protective devices (RPDs) may expose HCWs to infectious respiratory illnesses. In this document, NIOSH addresses common myths related to respiratory protection and provides information to reinforce respiratory protection program administrator responsibilities and HCW knowledge concerning the proper use of these devices so that they can be prepared for the next public health emergency and best protect themselves in daily practice.
Citation: Krah J, Novak D, Stradtman L. Workplace solutions: Preparedness through daily practice: The myths of respiratory protection in healthcare. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/wp-solutions/2016-109/pdfs/2016-109.pdf?id=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2016109.
This study reports the clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China.
Published Date: 02-07-2020Author(s): Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, Zhao Y, Li Y, Wang X, Peng Z.
Resource Tags:
- Format: PDF
- Resource Type: Research Article
- Infectious Disease: COVID-19
- Topics Covered: Epidemiology Research
- Language: English
- Country: China
Importance: In December 2019, novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-infected pneumonia (NCIP) occurred in Wuhan, China. The number of cases has increased rapidly but information on the clinical characteristics of affected patients is limited. Objective: To describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of NCIP. Design, setting, and participants: Retrospective, single-center case series of the 138 consecutive hospitalized patients with confirmed NCIP at Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University in Wuhan, China, from January 1 to January 28, 2020; final date of follow-up was February 3, 2020. Exposures: Documented NCIP. Main outcomes and measures: Epidemiological, demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological, and treatment data were collected and analyzed. Outcomes of critically ill patients and noncritically ill patients were compared. Presumed hospital-related transmission was suspected if a cluster of health professionals or hospitalized patients in the same wards became infected and a possible source of infection could be tracked. Results: Of 138 hospitalized patients with NCIP, the median age was 56 years (interquartile range, 42-68; range, 22-92 years) and 75 (54.3%) were men. Hospital-associated transmission was suspected as the presumed mechanism of infection for affected health professionals (40 [29%]) and hospitalized patients (17 [12.3%]). Common symptoms included fever (136 [98.6%]), fatigue (96 [69.6%]), and dry cough (82 [59.4%]). Lymphopenia (lymphocyte count, 0.8 × 109/L [interquartile range {IQR}, 0.6-1.1]) occurred in 97 patients (70.3%), prolonged prothrombin time (13.0 seconds [IQR, 12.3-13.7]) in 80 patients (58%), and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (261 U/L [IQR, 182-403]) in 55 patients (39.9%). Chest computed tomographic scans showed bilateral patchy shadows or ground glass opacity in the lungs of all patients. Most patients received antiviral therapy (oseltamivir, 124 [89.9%]), and many received antibacterial therapy (moxifloxacin, 89 [64.4%]; ceftriaxone, 34 [24.6%]; azithromycin, 25 [18.1%]) and glucocorticoid therapy (62 [44.9%]). Thirty-six patients (26.1%) were transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) because of complications, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (22 [61.1%]), arrhythmia (16 [44.4%]), and shock (11 [30.6%]). The median time from first symptom to dyspnea was 5.0 days, to hospital admission was 7.0 days, and to ARDS was 8.0 days. Patients treated in the ICU (n = 36), compared with patients not treated in the ICU (n = 102), were older (median age, 66 years vs 51 years), were more likely to have underlying comorbidities (26 [72.2%] vs 38 [37.3%]), and were more likely to have dyspnea (23 [63.9%] vs 20 [19.6%]), and anorexia (24 [66.7%] vs 31 [30.4%]). Of the 36 cases in the ICU, 4 (11.1%) received high-flow oxygen therapy, 15 (41.7%) received noninvasive ventilation, and 17 (47.2%) received invasive ventilation (4 were switched to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation). As of February 3, 47 patients (34.1%) were discharged and 6 died (overall mortality, 4.3%), but the remaining patients are still hospitalized. Among those discharged alive (n = 47), the median hospital stay was 10 days (IQR, 7.0-14.0). Conclusions and relevance: In this single-center case series of 138 hospitalized patients with confirmed NCIP in Wuhan, China, presumed hospital-related transmission of 2019-nCoV was suspected in 41% of patients, 26% of patients received ICU care, and mortality was 4.3%.
Citation: Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, Zhao Y, Li Y, Wang X, Peng Z. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China [published correction appears in JAMA. 2021 Mar 16;325(11):1113]. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061-1069. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1585
Twitter analytics to inform provisional guidance for COVID-19 challenges in the meatpacking industry
Resource Description:This commentary discusses the methods and tools used to screen relevant COVID-19 posts on Twitter in order to capture real-time concerns of a community and social accountability. Researchers were concerned about social media discussion about COVID-19 transmission in meat and poultry facilities.
Published Date: 05-03-2021Author(s): Durand-Moreau Q, Mackenzie G, Adisesh A, Straube S, Chan XHS, Zelyas N, Greenhalgh T
Resource Tags:
- Format: PDF
- Resource Type: Commentary/ Opinion, Review Article
- Infectious Disease: COVID-19
- Topics Covered: Basic Research, Community Response, Essential Services, Vulnerable / At-Risk Populations
- Industry: Communications, Logistics, and Information Technology, Food and Agriculture
- Language: English
- Country: Canada, Global, United States
The COVID-19 pandemic raised considerable challenges to obtain reliable guidance to help occupational health practitioners, workers, and stakeholders building up efficient prevention strategies at the workplace, between the constant increase of publications in the domain, the time required to run high-quality research and systematic reviews, and the urgent need to identify areas for prevention at the workplace. Social Media and Twitter, in particular, have already been used in research and constitute a useful source of information to identify community needs and topics of interest for prevention in the meatpacking industry. In this commentary, we introduce the methods and tools we used to screen relevant posts on Twitter. Twitter analytics is a way to capture real-time concerns of the community and help ensure compliance with the notion of social accountability. As such research has limitations in terms of exhaustiveness and level of evidence, it should be considered as provisional guidance to direct both actions at the workplace and further conventional research projects.
Citation: Durand-Moreau Q, Mackenzie G, Adisesh A, Straube S, Chan XHS, Zelyas N, Greenhalgh T. Twitter analytics to inform provisional guidance for COVID-19 challenges in the meatpacking industry. Ann Work Expo Health. 2021;65(4):373-376. doi:10.1093/annweh/wxaa123
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