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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

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Your Environment. Your Health.

Publication Detail

Title: Benzalkonium Chloride Disinfectants Induce Apoptosis, Inhibit Proliferation, and Activate the Integrated Stress Response in a 3-D in Vitro Model of Neurodevelopment.

Authors: Herron, Josi M; Tomita, Hideaki; White, Collin C; Kavanagh, Terrance J; Xu, Libin

Published In Chem Res Toxicol, (2021 05 17)

Abstract: We previously found that the widely used disinfectants, benzalkonium chlorides (BACs), alter cholesterol and lipid homeostasis in neuronal cell lines and in neonatal mouse brains. Here, we investigate the effects of BACs on neurospheres, an in vitro three-dimensional model of neurodevelopment. Neurospheres cultured from mouse embryonic neural progenitor cells (NPCs) were exposed to increasing concentrations (from 1 to 100 nM) of a short-chain BAC (BAC C12), a long-chain BAC (BAC C16), and AY9944 (a known DHCR7 inhibitor). We found that the sizes of neurospheres were decreased by both BACs but not by AY9944. Furthermore, we observed potent inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis at the step of DHCR7 by BAC C12 but not by BAC C16, suggesting that cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition is not responsible for the observed reduction in neurosphere growth. By using immunostaining and cell cycle analysis, we found that both BACs induced apoptosis and decreased proliferation of NPCs. To explore the mechanisms underlying their effect on neurosphere growth, we carried out RNA sequencing on neurospheres exposed to each BAC at 50 nM for 24 h, which revealed the activation of the integrated stress response by both BACs. Overall, these results suggest that BACs affect neurodevelopment by inducing the integrated stress response in a manner independent of their effects on cholesterol biosynthesis.

PubMed ID: 33472002 Exiting the NIEHS site

MeSH Terms: Animals; Apoptosis/drug effects*; Benzalkonium Compounds/chemistry; Benzalkonium Compounds/pharmacology*; Cell Proliferation/drug effects; Cells, Cultured; Disinfectants/chemistry; Disinfectants/pharmacology*; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Models, Biological*; Molecular Structure; Neurons/drug effects*; Oxidative Stress/drug effects

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