Superfund Research Program

Edward D. Levin

Duke University
Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory
Duke University Medical Center
323 Foster Street
Durham, North Carolina 27710
Phone: 919-681-6273
Fax: 919-681-3416
Email: edlevin@duke.edu

Projects

• Duke University: Cholinergic and Monoaminergic Mechanisms of Persistent Neurobehavioral Toxicity (2017-2022)
• Duke University: Neurobehavioral Mechanisms of Cognitive and Affective Impairment from Fetal Exposure to Superfund Chemicals (2005-2011)
• Duke University: Neurobehavioral Toxicity Core (2011-2022)
• Duke University: Persisting Neurobehavioral Dysfunction Caused by Interacting Toxicant Exposures During Development: Mechanistic and Treatment Studies with Zebrafish and Rats (2022-2027)
• Duke University: Training Core (2000-2022)

Research Briefs

• 288 - Alternative Flame Retardants May Lead to Neurobehavioral Effects
• 230 - Combined Exposure to Glucocorticoids and Chlorpyrifos Influences Neurobehavioral Development
• 102 - Multidisciplinary Research to Develop Models to Study the Impacts of Exposure to Chlorpyrifos

Hazardous Waste Sites

Atlantic Wood Site, Elizabeth River

• Duke University: Neurobehavioral Toxicity Core

Publications

2024

• Hawkey AB, Shekey N, Dean C, Asrat H, Koburov R, Holloway Z, Kullman SW, Levin ED. 2024. Developmental exposure to pesticides that disrupt retinoic acid signaling causes persistent retinoid and behavioral dysfunction in zebrafish. Toxicol Sci doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfae001 PMID:38237923
• Marchese M, Zhu T, Hawkey AB, Wang K, Yuan E, Wen J, Be S, Levin ED, Feng L. 2024. Prenatal and perinatal exposure to Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)-contaminated drinking water impacts offspring neurobehavior and development. Sci Total Environ 917:170459. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170459 PMID:38290673
• Stickler A, Hawkey AB, Gondal A, Natarajan S, Mead M, Levin ED. 2024. Embryonic exposures to cadmium and PAHs cause long-term and interacting neurobehavioral effects in zebrafish. Neurotoxicol Teratol 102:107339. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2024.107339 PMID:38452988 PMCID:10990771

2023

• Hawkey AB, Mead M, Natarajan S, Gondal A, Jarrett O, Levin ED. 2023. Embryonic exposure to PFAS causes long-term, compound-specific behavioral alterations in zebrafish. Neurotoxicol Teratol 97:107165. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2023.107165 PMID:36801483 PMCID:PMC10198882
• Hawkey AB, Unal D, Holloway Z, Levin ED. 2023. Developmental exposure of zebrafish to neonicotinoid pesticides: long-term effects on neurobehavioral function. Neurotoxicology 96:240-253. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2023.05.003 PMID:37149154 PMCID:PMC10204077
• Kozal JS, Jayasundara N, Massarsky A, Lindberg C, Oliveri A, Cooper EM, Levin ED, Meyer JN, Di Giulio RT. 2023. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress contribute to cross-generational toxicity of benzo(a)pyrene in Danio rerio. Aquat Toxicol 263:106658. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106658 PMID:37722151 PMCID:PMC10591944

2022

• Hawkey AB, Evans J, Holloway Z, Pippen E, Jarrett O, Kenou B, Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ, Levin ED. 2022. Developmental exposure to the flame retardant, triphenyl phosphate, causes long-lasting neurobehavioral and neurochemical dysfunction. Birth Defects Res doi:10.1002/bdr2.2125 PMID:36369782 PMCID:PMC10197196
• Hawkey AB, Piatos P, Holloway Z, Boyda J, Koburov R, Fleming E, Di Giulio RT, Levin ED. 2022. Embryonic exposure to benzo[a]pyrene causes age-dependent behavioral alterations and long-term metabolic dysfunction in zebrafish. Neurotoxicol Teratol 93:107121. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2022.107121 PMID:36089172
• Hawkey AB, Pippen E, Kenou B, Holloway Z, Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ, Levin ED. 2022. Persistent neurobehavioral and neurochemical anomalies in middle-aged rats after maternal diazinon exposure. Toxicology 472:153189. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2022.153189 PMID:35452779

2021

• Boyda J, Hawkey AB, Holloway Z, Trevisan R, Di Giulio RT, Levin ED. 2021. The organophosphate insecticide diazinon and aging: Neurobehavioral and mitochondrial effects in zebrafish exposed as embryos or during aging. Neurotoxicol Teratol 87:doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2021.107011 PMID:34224825 PMCID:PMC8440393
• Hawkey AB, Holloway Z, Levin ED. 2021. A behavioral test battery to assess larval and adult zebrafish after developmental neurotoxic exposure. Experimental Neurotoxicology Methods 172:353-380. doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1637-6_16
• Holloway Z, Hawkey AB, Asrat H, Boinapally N, Levin ED. 2021. The use of tocofersolan as a rescue agent in larval zebrafish exposed to benzo[a]pyrene in early development. Neurotoxicology 86:78-84. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2021.07.003 PMID:34273383
• Levin ED. 2021. Invited Perspective: Does developmental adaptation pose risks with changing toxicant exposures?. Environ Health Perspect 129(8):81302. doi:10.1289/ehp9560 PMID:34383604 PMCID:PMC8360002
• Slotkin TA, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. 2021. Paternal cannabis exposure prior to mating, but not 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, elicits deficits in dopaminergic synaptic activity in the offspring. Toxicol Sci 184(2):doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfab117 PMID:34590702

2020

• Brenner RG, Oliveri A, Sinnott-Armstrong W, Levin ED. 2020. Effects of sub-chronic methylphenidate on risk-taking and sociability in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol doi:10.1007/s00210-020-01835-z PMID:32025747 PMCID:PMC7716188
• Hawkey AB, Glazer L, Dean C, Wells C, Odamah K, Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ, Levin ED. 2020. Adult exposure to insecticides causes persistent behavioral and neurochemical alterations in zebrafish. Neurotoxicol Teratol 78:doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2019.106853 PMID:31911208 PMCID:PMC7061078
• Hawkey AB, Pippen E, White H, Kim J, Greengrove E, Kenou B, Holloway Z, Levin ED. 2020. Gestational and perinatal exposure to diazinon causes long-lasting neurobehavioral consequences in the Rat. Toxicology 429:doi:10.1016/j.tox.2019.152327 PMID:31704166 PMCID:PMC6925319
• Hollander JA, Cory-Slechta DA, Jacka FN, Szabo ST, Guilarte TR, Bilbo SD, Mattingly CJ, Moy SS, Haroon E, Hornig M, Levin ED, Pletnikov MV, Zehr JL, McAllister KA, Dzierlenga AL, Garton AE, Lawler C, Ladd-Acosta C. 2020. Beyond the looking glass: recent advances in understanding the impact of environmental exposures on neuropsychiatric disease. Neuropsychopharmacology 45:doi:10.1038/s41386-020-0648-5 PMID:32109936 PMCID:PMC7234981
• Holloway Z, Koburov R, Hawkey AB, Levin ED. 2020. Measuring attention in rats with a visual signal detection task: Signal intensity vs. signal duration. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 199:doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173069 PMID:33144207 PMCID:PMC7726090
• Oliveri A, Glazer L, Mahapatra D, Kullman SW, Levin ED. 2020. Developmental exposure of zebrafish to vitamin D receptor acting drugs and environmental toxicants disrupts behavioral function. Neurotoxicol Teratol 81:10. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2020.106902 PMID:32473203 PMCID:PMC7483728
• Oliveri A, Knuth M, Glazer L, Bailey JM, Kullman SW, Levin ED. 2020. Zebrafish show long-term behavioral impairments resulting from developmental vitamin D deficiency. Physiol Behav 224:113016. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113016 PMID:32561170 PMCID:PMC7737556 (ahead of print)

2019

• Hawkey AB, Junaid S, Yao L, Spiera Z, White H, Cauley M, Levin ED. 2019. Gestational exposure to nicotine and/or benzo[a]pyrene causes long-lasting neurobehavioral consequences. Birth Defects Res 111(17):1248-1258. doi:10.1002/bdr2.1568 PMID:31368242 PMCID:PMC6983916
• Oliveri A, Levin ED. 2019. Dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonism during development alters later behavior in zebrafish. Behav Brain Res 356:250-256. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.08.028 PMID:30172631 PMCID:PMC6192051
• Slotkin TA, Skavicus S, Ko A, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. 2019. Perinatal diazinon exposure compromises the development of acetylcholine and serotonin systems. Toxicology 424:10. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2019.152240 PMID:31251962 PMCID:PMC6689134
• Slotkin TA, Skavicus S, Ko A, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. 2019. The developmental neurotoxicity of tobacco smoke can be mimicked by a combination of nicotine and benzo[a]pyrene: effects on cholinergic and serotonergic systems. Toxicol Sci 168:280. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfy304 PMID:30247698 PMCID:PMC6681680

2018

• Glazer L, Hawkey AB, Wells C, Drastal M, Odamah K, Behl M, Levin ED. 2018. Developmental exposure to low concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants causes life-long behavioral alterations in zebrafish. Toxicol Sci 165(2):487-498. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfy173 PMID:29982741 PMCID:PMC6154272
• Glazer L, Wells C, Drastal M, Odamah K, Galat RE, Behl M, Levin ED. 2018. Developmental exposure to low concentrations of two brominated flame retardants, BDE-47 and BDE-99, causes life-long behavioral alterations in zebrafish. Neurotoxicology 66:221-232. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2017.09.007 PMID:28935585 PMCID:PMC5858967
• Levin ED, Abreu-Villaca Y. 2018. Developmental neurotoxicity of nicotine and tobacco. Chapter 39 in: Handbook of Developmental Neurotoxicology, 2nd Edition. Elsevier Inc., pp.439-452.
• Massarsky A, Abdel A, Glazer L, Levin ED, Di Giulio RT. 2018. Neurobehavioral effects of 1,2-propanediol in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Neurotoxicology 65:111-124. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2018.02.007 PMID:29432853
• Oliveri A, Ortiz E, Levin ED. 2018. Developmental exposure to an organophosphate flame retardant alters later behavioral responses to dopamine antagonism in zebrafish larvae. Neurotoxicol Teratol 67:25-30. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2018.03.002 PMID:29559250 PMCID:PMC5970957
• Pitt JA, Kozal JS, Jayasundara N, Massarsky A, Trevisan R, Geiter N, Wiesner MR, Levin ED, Di Giulio RT. 2018. Uptake, tissue distribution, and toxicity of polystyrene nanoparticles in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquat Toxicol 194:185-194. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.11.017 PMID:29197232
• Pitt JA, Trevisan R, Massarsky A, Kozal JS, Levin ED, Di Giulio RT. 2018. Maternal transfer of nanoplastics to offspring in zebrafish (Danio rerio): A case study with nanopolystyrene. Sci Total Environ 643:324-334. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.186 PMID:29940444

2017

• Abreu-Villaca Y, Levin ED. 2017. Developmental neurotoxicity of succeeding generations of insecticides. Environ Int 99:55-77. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.11.019 PMID:27908457 PMCID:PMC5285268
• Levin ED. 2017. Neurodevelopmental Toxicity of Tobacco Smoke and Nicotine. Neurotoxicol Teratol 61:153. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2017.04.004
• Macaulay LJ, Chernick M, Chen A, Hinton DE, Bailey JM, Kullman SW, Levin ED, Stapleton HM. 2017. Exposure to a PBDE/OH-BDE mixture alters juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio) development. Environ Toxicol Chem 36(1):36-48. doi:10.1002/etc.3535 PMID:27329031
• Massarsky A, Abdel A, Glazer L, Levin ED, Di Giulio RT. 2017. Exposure to 1,2-propanediol impacts early development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and induces hyperactivity. Zebrafish 14(3):216-222. doi:10.1089/zeb.2016.1400 PMID:28266909

2016

• Abreu-Villaca Y, Levin ED. 2016. Developmental neurobehavioral neurotoxicity of insecticides. In: Handbook of Development Neurotoxicology. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. pp.453-466.
• Bailey JM, Oliveri A, Karbhari N, Brooks RA, De La Rocha AJ, Janardhan S, Levin ED. 2016. Persistent behavioral effects following early life exposure to retinoic acid or valproic acid in zebrafish. Neurotoxicology 52:23-33. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2015.10.001 PMID:26439099 PMCID:PMC4753107
• Brown DR, Bailey JM, Oliveri A, Levin ED, Di Giulio RT. 2016. Developmental exposure to a complex PAH mixture causes persistent behavioral effects in naive Fundulus heteroclitus (killifish) but not in a population of PAH-adapted killifish. Neurotoxicol Teratol 53:55-63. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2015.10.007 PMID:26548404 PMCID:PMC4803068
• Petro A, Sexton HG, Miranda C, Rastogi A, Freedman JH, Levin ED. 2016. Persisting neurobehavioral effects of developmental copper exposure in wildtype and metallothionein 1 and 2 knockout mice. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 17(1):55. doi:10.1186/s40360-016-0096-3 PMID:27802831 PMCID:PMC5090947
• Slotkin TA, Skavicus S, Card JA, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. 2016. Diverse neurotoxicants target the differentiation of embryonic neural stem cells into neuronal and glial phenotypes. Toxicology 372:42-51. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2016.10.015 PMID:27816694 PMCID:PMC5137195

2015

• Bailey JM, Crosby EB, Oliveri A, Levin ED. 2015. Neurobehavioral impairments caused by developmental imidacloprid exposure in zebrafish. Neurotoxicol Teratol 49:81-90. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2015.04.006 PMID:25944383 PMCID:PMC4458463
• Bailey JM, Levin ED. 2015. Neurotoxicity of FireMaster 550® in zebrafish (Danio rerio): chronic developmental and acute adolescent exposures. Neurotoxicol Teratol 52(PtB):210-219. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2015.07.001 PMID:26239867 PMCID:PMC4679535
• Bailey JM, Oliveri A, Levin ED. 2015. Pharmacological analyses of learning and memory in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Pharmacol Biochem Behav 139PtB:103-111. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2015.03.006 PMID:25792292 PMCID:PMC4573775
• Bailey JM, Oliveri A, Zhang C, Fraizer JM, Mackinnon S, Cole GJ, Levin ED. 2015. Long-term behavioral impairment following acute embryonic ethanol exposure in zebrafish. Neurotoxicol Teratol 48:1-8. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2015.01.005 PMID:25599606 PMCID:PMC4363207
• Levin ED. 2015. Learning about cognition risk with the radial-arm maze in the developmental neurotoxicology battery. Neurotoxicol Teratol 52(PtA):88-92. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2015.05.007 PMID:26013674 PMCID:PMC4656139
• Macaulay LJ, Bailey JM, Levin ED, Stapleton HM. 2015. Persisting effects of a PBDE metabolite, 6-OH-BDE-47, on larval and juvenile zebrafish swimming behavior. Neurotoxicol Teratol 52(PtB):119-126. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2015.05.002 PMID:25979796 PMCID:PMC4644107
• Massarsky A, Jayasundara N, Bailey JM, Oliveri A, Levin ED, Prasad GL, Di Giulio RT. 2015. Teratogenic, bioenergetic, and behavioral effects of exposure to total particulate matter on early development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) are not mimicked by nicotine. Neurotoxicol Teratol 51:77-88. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2015.09.006 PMID:26391568 PMCID:PMC4821439
• Oliveri A, Bailey JM, Levin ED. 2015. Developmental exposure to organophosphate flame retardants causes behavioral effects in larval and adult zebrafish. Neurotoxicol Teratol 52(PtB):220-227. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2015.08.008 PMID:26344674 PMCID:PMC4769864
• Slotkin TA, Skavicus S, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. 2015. Prenatal nicotine changes the response to postnatal chlorpyrifos: Interactions targeting serotonergic synaptic function and cognition. Brain Res Bull 111:84-96. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.01.003 PMID:25592617 PMCID:PMC4324014

2014

• Levin ED, Cauley M, Johnson JE, Cooper EM, Stapleton HM, Ferguson PL, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2014. Prenatal dexamethasone augments the neurobehavioral teratology of chlorpyrifos: significance for maternal stress and preterm labor. Neurotoxicol Teratol 41:35-42. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2013.10.004 PMID:24177596 PMCID:PMC3943881

2013

• Bailey JM, Oliveri A, Levin ED. 2013. Zebrafish model systems for developmental neurobehavioral toxicology. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 99:14-23. doi:10.1002/bdrc.21027 PMID:23723169 PMCID:PMC4000730
• Levin ED, Landrigan PJ, Etzel R. 2013. Developmental Toxicology and Children's Environmental Health. In: The Oxford Textbook of Environmental Pediatrics: Environmental Influences on Health, Development and Disease. Oxford, New York, NY. pp.83-88.

2012

• Roy NM, Arpie B, Linney EA, Levin ED, Cerutti DT, Lugo J. 2012. Brief embryonic strychnine exposure in zebrafish causes long-term adult behavioral impairment with indications of Embryonic synaptic changes. Neurotoxicol Teratol 34:587-591. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2012.08.001 PMID:23022260 PMCID:PMC4338986

2011

• Levin ED. 2011. Zebrafish assessment of cognitive improvement and anxiolysis: filling the gap between in vitro and rodent models for drug development. Rev Neurosci 22:75-84. doi:10.1515/RNS.2011.009 PMID:21615262 PMCID:PMC4691346
• Levin ED, Petro A, Donerly S, Linney EA, Sledge D, Roach S. 2011. Persistent behavioral impairment caused by embryonic methylphenidate exposure in zebrafish. Neurotoxicol Teratol 33:668-673. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2011.06.004 PMID:21741476 PMCID:PMC3225500
• Powers CM, Levin ED, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2011. Silver exposure in developing zebrafish produces persistent synaptic and behavioral changes. Neurotoxicol Teratol 33:329-332. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2010.10.006 PMID:21035540 PMCID:PMC3071894
• Sledge D, Yen J, Morton T, Dishaw L, Petro A, Donerly S, Linney EA, Levin ED. 2011. Critical duration of exposure for developmental chlorpyrifos-induced neurobehavioral toxicity. Neurotoxicol Teratol 33:742-751. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2011.06.005 PMID:21745564 PMCID:PMC3225562
• Yen J, Donerly S, Levin ED, Linney EA. 2011. Differential acetylcholinesterase inhibition of chlorpyrifos, diazinon and parathion in larval zebrafish. Neurotoxicol Teratol 33:735-741. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2011.10.004 PMID:22036888 PMCID:PMC3225599

2010

• Adigun A, Wrench N, Levin ED, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2010. Neonatal parathion exposure and interactions with a high-fat diet in adulthood: adenylyl cyclase-mediated cell signaling in heart, liver and cerebellum. Brain Res Bull 81:605-612. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.01.003 PMID:20074626 PMCID:PMC2826615
• Lassiter TL, Ryde IT, Levin ED, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2010. Neonatal exposure to parathion alters lipid metabolism in adulthood: Interactions with dietary fat intake and implications for neurodevelopmental deficits. Brain Res Bull 81(1):85-91. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.07.002 PMID:19615431 PMCID:PMC2795103
• Levin ED, Timofeeva OA, Yang L, Ryde IT, Wrench N, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2010. Early postnatal parathion exposure in rats causes sex-selective cognitive impairment and neurotransmitter defects which emerge in aging. Behav. Brain Res 208:319-327. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.11.007 PMID:20015457 PMCID:PMC2831164

2009

• Cerutti DT, Levin ED, Eddins D, Petro A, Williams P. 2009. Nicotine effects on learning in zebrafish: the role of dopaminergic systems. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 202(1-3):103-109. doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1287-4 PMID:18716760
• Levin ED, Aschner M, Heberlein U, Ruden D, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Bartlett S, Berger K, Chen L, Corl AB, Eddins D, French R, Hayden KM, Helmcke K, Hirsch HV, Linney EA, Lnenicka G, Page GP, Possidente D, Possidente B, Kirshner A. 2009. Genetic aspects of behavioral neurotoxicology. Neurotoxicology 30(5):741-753. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2009.07.014 PMID:19647018 PMCID:PMC4086839
• Slotkin TA, Lassiter TL, Ryde IT, Wrench N, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. 2009. Consumption of a high-fat diet in adulthood ameliorates the effects of neonatal parathion exposure on acetylcholine systems in rat brain regions. Environ Health Perspect 117(6):916-22. PMID:19590683
• Slotkin TA, Wrench N, Ryde IT, Lassiter TL, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. 2009. Neonatal parathion exposure disrupts serotonin and dopamine synaptic function in rat brain regions: modulation by a high-fat diet in adulthood. Neurotoxicol Teratol 31(6):390-399. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2009.07.003 PMID:19616088 PMCID:PMC2761992

2008

• Bencan Z, Levin ED. 2008. The role of alpha7 and alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptors in the nicotine-induced anxiolytic effect in zebrafish. Physiol Behav 95(3):408-412. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.07.009 PMID:18671990 PMCID:PMC3174522
• Lassiter TL, Ryde IT, MacKillop EA, Brown KK, Levin ED, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2008. Exposure of neonatal rats to parathion elicits sex-selective reprogramming of metabolism and alters the response to a high-fat diet in adulthood. Environ Health Perspect 116(11):1456-1462. doi:10.1289/ehp.11673 PMID:19057696 PMCID:PMC2592263
• Roegge CS, Timofeeva OA, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA, Levin ED. 2008. Developmental diazinon neurotoxicity in rats: later effects on emotional response. Brain Res Bull 75:168-172. PMID:18158111
• Slotkin TA, Bodwell BE, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. 2008. Neonatal exposure to low doses of diazinon: long-term effects on neural cell development and acetylcholine systems. Environ Health Perspect 116(3):340-348. doi:10.1289/ehp.11005 PMID:18335101 PMCID:PMC2265026
• Slotkin TA, Bodwell BE, Ryde IT, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. 2008. Exposure of neonatal rats to parathion elicits sex-selective impairment of acetylcholine systems in brain regions during adolescence and adulthood. Environ Health Perspect 116(10):1308-1314. doi:10.1289/ehp.11451 PMID:18941570 PMCID:PMC2569087
• Slotkin TA, Ryde IT, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. 2008. Developmental neurotoxicity of low dose diazinon exposure of neonatal rats: effects on serotonin systems in adolescence and adulthood. Brain Res Bull 75(5):640-647. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.10.008 PMID:18355640 PMCID:PMC2322865
• Timofeeva OA, Roegge CS, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA, Levin ED. 2008. Persistent cognitive alterations in rats after early postnatal exposure to low doses of the organophosphate pesticide, diazinon. Neurotoxicol Teratol 30(1):38-45. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2007.10.002 PMID:18096363 PMCID:PMC2262840
• Timofeeva OA, Sanders D, Seemann K, Yang L, Hermanson D, Regenbogen S, Kallepalli A, Rastogi A, Braddy D, Wells C, Perraut C, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA, Levin ED, Agoos S. 2008. Persistent behavioral alterations in rats neonatally exposed to low doses of the organophosphate pesticide, parathion. Brain Res Bull 77(6):404-411. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.08.019 PMID:18817854 PMCID:PMC2612039
• West AK, Hidalgo J, Eddins D, Levin ED, Aschner M. 2008. Metallothionein in the central nervous system: roles in protection, regeneration and cognition. Neurotoxicology 29(3):489-503. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2007.12.006 PMID:18313142 PMCID:PMC2486367

2007

• Levin ED, Bencan Z, Cerutti DT. 2007. Anxiolytic effects of nicotine in zebrafish. Physiol Behav 90(1):54-8. PMID:17049956

2006

• Cerutti DT, Levin ED. 2006. Cognitive impairments models using complementary species. In: Animal Models of Cognitive Impairment. CRC Press, NY. pp.315-342.
• Levin ED, Perraut C, Pollard N, Freedman JH. 2006. Metallothionein expression and neurocognitive function in mice. Physiol Behav 87(3):513-518. PMID:16430929
• Slotkin TA, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. 2006. Comparative developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphate insecticides: effects on brain development are separable from systemic toxicity. Environ Health Perspect 114(5):746-751. PMID:16675431
• Slotkin TA, Tate CA, Ryde IT, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. 2006. Organophosphate insecticides target the serotonergic system in developing rat brain regions: disparate effects of diazinon and parathion at doses spanning the threshold for cholinesterase inhibition. Environ Health Perspect 114:1542-1545. PMID:17035140
• Timme-Laragy AR, Levin ED, Di Giulio RT. 2006. Developmental and behavioral effects of embryonic exposure to the polybrominated diphenylether mixture DE-71 in the killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus). Chemosphere 62(7):1097-1104. PMID:16045967

2005

• Aldridge JE, Levin ED, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2005. Developmental exposure of rats to chlorpyrifos leads to behavioral alterations in adulthood, involving serotonergic mechanisms and resembling animal models of depression. Environ Health Perspect 113(5):527-531. PMID:15866758

2004

• Icenogle LM, Christopher NC, Blackwelder WP, Caldwell DP, Qiao D, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA, Levin ED. 2004. Behavioral alterations in adolescent and adult rats caused by a brief subtoxic exposure to chlorpyrifos during neurulation. Neurotoxicol Teratol 26(1):95-101. PMID:15001218
• Levin ED, Swain HA, Donerly S, Linney EA. 2004. Developmental chlorpyrifos effects on hatchling zebrafish swimming behavior. Neurotoxicol Teratol 26(6):719-723. PMID:15451035

2003

• Levin ED, Chrysanthis E, Yacsin K, Linney EA. 2003. Chlorpyrifos exposure of developing zebrafish: effects on survival and long-term effects on response latency and spatial discrimination. Neurotoxicol Teratol 25(1):51-57. PMID:12633736

2002

• Levin ED, Addy N, Baruah A, Elias A, Christopher NC, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2002. Prenatal chlorpyrifos exposure in rats causes persistent behavioral alterations. Neurotoxicol Teratol 24(6):733-741. PMID:12460655

2001

• Arthur D, Levin ED. 2001. Spatial and non-spatial visual discrimination learning in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Anim Cogn 4:125-131.
• Levin ED, Addy N, Nakajima A, Christopher NC, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2001. Persistent behavioral consequences of neonatal chlorpyrifos exposure in rats. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 130(1):83-89. PMID:11557096

2000

• Bushnell PJ, Marrocco RT, Strupp BJ, Sarter MF, Levin ED, Warburton DH. 2000. Attention as a target of intoxication; Insights and methods from studies of drug abuse. Neurotoxicol Teratol 22(4):487-502. PMID:10974587