Superfund Research Program

Gabriele Ludewig

University of Iowa
UI Research Park, #234 IREH
Iowa City, Iowa 52242-5000
Phone: 319-335-4650
Fax: 319-335-4290
Email: gabriele-ludewig@uiowa.edu

Projects

• University of Iowa: PCBs: Metabolism, Genotoxicity and Gene Expression in vivo (2006-2020)
• University of Iowa: Research Experience & Training Coordination Core (2006-2025)
• University of Kentucky: Training (2000-2025)

Publications

2023

• Nault R, Cave MC, Ludewig G, Moseley HN, Pennell KG, Zacharewski TR. 2023. A case for accelerating standards to achieve the FAIR principles of environmental health research experimental data. Environ Health Perspect 131(6):65001. doi:10.1289/EHP11484 PMID:37352010 PMCID:PMC10289218
• Roh T, Knappett PS, Han D, Ludewig G, Kelly KM, Wang K, Weyer P. 2023. Characterization of arsenic and atrazine contaminations in drinking water in Iowa: a public health concern. Int J Environ Res Public Health 20(7):5397. doi:10.3390/ijerph20075397 PMID:37048011 PMCID:PMC1009410

2022

• Eti N, Flor S, Iqbal K, Scott RL, Klenov V, Gibson-Corley KN, Soares M, Ludewig G, Robertson LW. 2022. PCB126 induced toxic actions on liver energy metabolism is mediated by AhR in rats. Toxicology 466:153054. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2021.153054 PMID:34848246 PMCID:PMC8748418
• Zhang C, Li X, Flor S, Ruiz P, Kruve A, Ludewig G, Lehmler H. 2022. Metabolism of 3-chlorobiphenyl (PCB 2) in a human-relevant cell line: evidence of dechlorinated metabolites. Environ Sci Technol 56(17):12460-12472. doi:10.1021/acs.est.2c03687 PMID:35994059 PMCID:PMC9573771

2021

• Klenov V, Flor S, Ganesan S, Adur M, Eti N, Iqbal K, Soares M, Ludewig G, Ross J, Robertson LW, Keating A. 2021. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor mediates reproductive toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyl congener 126 in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 426:115639. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2021.115639 PMID:34256052 PMCID:PMC8500329
• Zhang C, Flor S, Ruiz P, Ludewig G, Lehmler H. 2021. Characterization of the metabolic pathways of 4-chlorobiphenyl (PCB3) in HepG2 cells using the metabolite profiles of its hydroxylated metabolites. Environ Sci Technol 55:9052-9062. doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c01076 PMID:34125531 PMCID:PMC8264946

2020

• Wang H, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Flor S, Gosse L, Klenov V, Stolwijk J, Lehmler H, Hornbuckle KC, Ludewig G, Thorne PS. 2020. Comprehensive subchronic inhalation toxicity assessment of an indoor school air mixture of PCBs. Environ Sci Technol 54:15976-15985. doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c04470 PMID:33256405 PMCID:PMC7879961
• Zhang C, Flor S, Ludewig G, Lehmler H. 2020. Atropselective partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyls in a HepG2 cell culture system: Experimental and modeling results. Environ Sci Technol 54:13817-13827. doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c02508 PMID:33059451 PMCID:PMC7642102
• Zhang C, Flor S, Ruiz P, Dhakal RC, Hu X, Teesch LM, Ludewig G, Lehmler H. 2020. 3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl is metabolized to a complex mixture of oxidative metabolites, including novel methoxylated metabolites, by HepG2 cells. Environ Sci Technol 54:12345-12357. doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c03476 PMID:32910851 PMCID:PMC7544623

2019

• Klenov V, Flor S, Adur M, Ganesan S, Eti N, Iqbal K, Soares M, Ludewig G, Ross J, Keating A, Robertson LW. 2019. Uterine toxicity following exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl 126 is mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Fertil Steril 111(4):e4. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.02.038
• Liu B, Sun Y, Xu G, Snetselaar LG, Ludewig G, Wallace RB, Bao W. 2019. Association between Body Iron Status and Leukocyte Telomere Length, a Biomarker of Biological Aging, in a Nationally Representative Sample of US Adults. J Acad Nutr Diet 119(4):617-625. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2018.09.007 PMCID:PMC6548326

2018

• Dhakal K, Gadupudi GS, Lehmler H, Ludewig G, Duffel MW, Robertson LW. 2018. Sources and toxicities of phenolic polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 25:16277-16290. doi:10.1007/s11356-017-9694-x PMID:28744683 PMCID:PMC5785587
• Enayah SH, Vanle BC, Fuortes LJ, Doorn JA, Ludewig G. 2018. PCB95 and PCB153 change dopamine levels and turn-over in PC12 cells. Toxicology 394:93-101. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2017.12.003 PMID:29233657 PMCID:PMC5756734

2017

• Lynch CF, Kelly KM, Ludewig G, Wang K, Roh T, Weyer P. 2017. Low-level arsenic exposure from drinking water is associated with prostate cancer in Iowa. Environ Res 159:338-343. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.026 PMID:28841521 PMCID:PMC5623650

2016

• Flor S, He X, Lehmler H, Ludewig G. 2016. Estrogenicity and androgenicity screening of PCB sulfate monoesters in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 23(3):2186-2200. doi:10.1007/s11356-015-5142-y PMID:26300354 PMCID:PMC4718780
• Klaren WD, Flor S, Gibson-Corley KN, Ludewig G, Robertson LW. 2016. Metallothionein's role in PCB126 induced hepatotoxicity and hepatic micronutrient disruption. Toxicol Rep 3:21-28. doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.12.001 PMID:26770886 PMCID:PMC4710377
• Li M, Teesch LM, Murry DJ, Pope RM, Li Y, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 2016. Cytochrome c adducts with PCB quinoid metabolites. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 23(3):2148-2159. doi:10.1007/s11356-015-4801-3 PMID:26062463 PMCID:PMC4676959
• Shen H, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 2016. Regulatory effects of dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like PCBs and other AhR ligands on the antioxidant enzymes paraoxonase 1/2/3. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 23(3):2108-2118. doi:10.1007/s11356-015-4722-1 PMID:26006071 PMCID:PMC4662644
• Wang B, Klaren WD, Wels B, Simmons DL, Olivier AK, Wang K, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 2016. Dietary manganese modulates PCB126 toxicity, metal status, and MnSOD in the rat. Toxicol Sci 150(1):15-26. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfv312 PMID:26660635 PMCID:PMC5009614
• Xin X, Senthilkumar PK, Schnoor JL, Ludewig G. 2016. Effects of PCB126 and PCB153 on telomerase activity and telomere length in undifferentiated and differentiated HL-60 cells. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 23(3):2173-2185. doi:10.1007/s11356-015-5187-y PMID:26330309 PMCID:PMC4718801

2015

• Agudo A, Aronson KJ, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC, Cocco P, Cogliano VJ, Cravedi J, Esch HL, Fiedler H, Glauret HP, Guo YL, Herbert RA, Hopf NB, James MO, Johansson N, Le Bizec B, Ludewig G, Machala M, Merletti F, Narbonne J, Robertson LW, Ruder AM, Tryphonas H, Vermeulen R, Vorkamp K, Walker N. 2015. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, volume 107, Polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated biphenyls. https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol107/mono107.pdf
• Gadupudi GS, Gourronc FA, Ludewig G, Robertson LW, Klingelhutz AJ. 2015. PCB126 inhibits adipogenesis of human preadipocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 29(1):132-141. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2014.09.015 PMID:25304490 PMCID:PMC4250299
• Grimm FA, Hu D, Kania-Korwel I, Lehmler H, Ludewig G, Hornbuckle KC, Duffel MW, Bergman A, Robertson LW. 2015. Metabolism and metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls. Crit Rev Toxicol 45(3):245-272. doi:10.3109/10408444.2014.999365 PMID:25629923 PMCID:PMC4383295

2014

• Aqil F, Shen H, Jeyabalan J, Xin X, Lehmler H, Ludewig G, Robertson LW, Gupta RC. 2014. Sustained expression of CYPs and DNA adduct accumulation with continuous exposure to PCB126 and PCB153 through a new delivery method: Polymeric implants. Toxicol Rep 1:820-833. doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.09.010 PMID:25530946 PMCID:PMC4266188
• Kim J, Klosener J, Flor S, Peters TM, Ludewig G, Thorne PS, Robertson LW, Luthe G. 2014. Toxicity assessment of air-delivered particle-bound polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Toxicology 317:31-39. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2014.01.005 PMID:24451063 PMCID:PMC3975599
• Shen H, Li M, Wang B, Lai IK, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 2014. Dietary antioxidants (selenium and N-acetylcysteine) modulate paraoxonase 1 (PON1) in PCB 126-exposed rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 21(10):6384-6399. doi:10.1007/s11356-013-1690-1 PMID:23644946 PMCID:PMC3769429

2013

• Lai IK, Klaren WD, Li M, Wels B, Simmons DL, Olivier AK, Haschek-Hock WM, Wang K, Ludewig G, Robertson LW. 2013. Does dietary copper supplementation enhance or diminish PCB126 toxicity in the rodent liver?. Chem Res Toxicol 26(5):634-644. doi:10.1021/tx400049s PMID:23527585 PMCID:PMC3660509
• Ludewig G, Flor S. 2013. Harlequin Chromosomes. In: Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics (2nd ed). pp.399-401.
• Ludewig G, Robertson LW. 2013. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as initiating agents in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 334(1):46-55. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2012.11.041 PMID:23211541 PMCID:PMC3648605
• Ludewig G, Robertson LW, Glauert HP. 2013. Carcinogenicity and Mechanisms of Persistent Organic Pollutants. In: Effects of Persistent and Bioactive Organic Pollutants on Human Health. pp.57-100.

2012

• Lai IK, Dhakal K, Gadupudi GS, Li M, Ludewig G, Robertson LW, Olivier AK. 2012. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) diminishes the severity of PCB 126-induced fatty liver in male rodents. Toxicology 302(1):25-33. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2012.07.007 PMID:22824115 PMCID:PMC3438370
• Senthilkumar PK, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 2012. PCB153 reduces telomerase activity and telomere length in immortalized human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT) but not in human foreskin keratinocytes (NFK). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 259(1):115-123. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2011.12.015 PMID:22210444 PMCID:PMC3288560
• Shen H, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 2012. Regulation of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) in PCB 126-exposed male Sprague Dawley rats. Toxicol Lett 209(3):291-298. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.01.003 PMID:22266287 PMCID:PMC3288253
• Xin X, Kuppusamy SP, Schnoor JL, Ludewig G. 2012. Downregulation of Telomerase Activity and Shortening of Telomere Length by Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in HL-60 Cells. Environ Mol Mutagen 53:S66.

2011

• Lai IK, Chai Y, Simmons DL, Watson WH, Tan R, Haschek-Hock WM, Wang K, Wang B, Ludewig G, Robertson LW. 2011. Dietary selenium as a modulator of PCB 126-induced hepatotoxicity in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Sci 124:202-214. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfr215 PMID:21865291 PMCID:PMC3196656
• Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 2011. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) carcinogenicity with special emphasis on airborne PCBs. Gefahrst Reinhalt Luft 71(1-2):25-32. PMID:21686028 PMCID:PMC3113507
• Senthilkumar PK, Klingelhutz AJ, Jacobus JA, Lehmler H, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 2011. Airborne polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) reduce telomerase activity and shorten telomere length in immortal human skin keratinocytes (HaCat). Toxicol Lett 204:64-70. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.04.012 PMID:21530622 PMCID:PMC3109099
• Wang B, Robertson LW, Wang K, Ludewig G. 2011. Species difference in the regulation of cytochrome P450 2S1: lack of induction in rats by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist PCB126. Xenobiotica 41:1031-1043. doi:10.3109/00498254.2011.603763 PMID:21970748 PMCID:PMC3564674

2010

• Flor S, Ludewig G. 2010. Polyploidy-induction by dihydroxylated monochlorobiphenyls: structureactivity- relationships. Environ Int 36:962-9. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2010.03.012 PMID:20471090 PMCID:PMC2949501
• Jacobus JA, Wang B, Maddox C, Esch HL, Lehmann L, Robertson LW, Wang K, Kirby PA, Ludewig G. 2010. 3-Methylcholanthrene (3-MC) and 4-chlorobiphenyl (PCB3) genotoxicity is gender-related in Fischer 344 transgenic rats. Environ Int 36(8):970-979. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2010.07.006 PMID:20739065 PMCID:PMC2949545
• Lai IK, Chai Y, Simmons DL, Luthe G, Coleman MC, Spitz DR, Haschek-Hock WM, Ludewig G, Robertson LW. 2010. Acute toxicity of 3,3,4,4,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) in male Sprague-Dawley rats: effects on hepatic oxidative stress, glutathione and metals status. Environ Int 36(8):918-923. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2009.11.002 PMID:19969354 PMCID:PMC2891598
• Ludewig G, Robertson LW. 2010. Preface to the special issue, PCBs: new knowledge gained from old pollutants. Environ Int 36(8):813. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2010.07.004
• Ptak A, Ludewig G, Rak A, Nadolna W, Bochenek M, Gregoraszczuk EL. 2010. Induction of cytochrome P450 I A I in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by 4-chIorobiphenyl (PCBS) and the effects of its hydroxylated metabolites on cellular apoptosis. Environ Int 36:935-41. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2009.06.012 PMID:19604582 PMCID:PMC2904404

2009

• Yang-won S, Buettner GR, Venkataraman S, Treimer S, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 2009. UVA/B-induced formation of free radicals from decabromodiphenyl ether. Environ Sci Technol 43(7):2581-2588. PMID:19452920 PMCID:PMC2685467

2008

• Gregoraszczuk EL, Rak A, Ludewig G, Gasinska A. 2008. Effects of estradiol, PCBS, and their hydroxylated metabolites on proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis of human breast cancer cells. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 25(2):227-233. PMID:21783862
• Jacobus JA, Flor S, Klingelhutz AJ, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 2008. 2-(4'-Chlorophenyl)-1,4-benxoquinone increases the frequency of micronuclei and shortens telomeres. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 25(2):267-272. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2007.10.022 PMID:18438462 PMCID:PMC2346440
• Ludewig G, Lehmann L, Esch HL, Robertson LW. 2008. Metabolic activation of PCBs to carcinogens in vivo - a review. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 25(2):241-246. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2007.10.029 PMID:18452002 PMCID:PMC2364599
• Luthe G, Boy R, Jacobus JA, Smith B, Rahaman A, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 2008. Xenobiotic geometry and media pH determine cytotoxicity through solubility. Chem Res Toxicol 21(5):1017-1027. doi:10.1021/tx700214p PMID:18402468
• Maddox C, Wang B, Kirby PA, Wang K, Ludewig G. 2008. Mutagenicity of 3-methylcholanthrene, pcb3, and 4-oh-pcb3 in the lung of transgenic bigblue rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 25(2):260-266. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2007.10.021 PMID:18438460 PMCID:PMC2346436

2007

• Lehmann L, Esch HL, Kirby PA, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 2007. 4-monochlorobiphenyl (PCB3) induces mutations in the livers of transgenic Fisher 344 rats. Carcinogenesis 28(2):471-478. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgl157 PMID:16950798
• Ludewig G, Esch HL, Robertson LW. 2007. Polyhalogenierte Bi- und Terphenyle. Chapter 20 in: Handbuch der Lebensmitteltoxikologie. Wiley-VCH Weinheim, Germany. pp.1031-1094.
• Zettner M, Flor S, Ludewig G, Wagner J, Robertson LW, Lehmann L. 2007. Quinoid metabolites of 4-monochlorobiphenyl (PCB3) induce gene mutations in cultured Chinese hamster V79 Cells. Toxicol Sci 100:88-98. PMID:17686921

2006

• Bender RP, Lehmler H, Robertson LW, Ludewig G, Osheroff N. 2006. Polychlorinated biphenyl quinone mtabolites Poison human topoisomerase II: Altering enzyme function by blocking the N-terminal protein gate. Biochemistry 45(33):10140-10152. PMID:16906772
• Ptak A, Ludewig G, Kapiszewska M, Magnowska Z, Lehmler H, Robertson LW, Gregoraszczuk EL. 2006. Induction of cytochromes P450, caspase-3 and DNA damage by PCB3 and its hydroxylated metabolites in porcine ovary. Toxicol Lett 166(3):200-211. PMID:16949219
• Ptak A, Ludewig G, Robertson LW, Lehmler H, Gregoraszczuk EL. 2006. In vitro exposure of porcine prepubertal follicles to 4-chlorobiphenyl (PCB3) and its hydroxylated metabolites: Effects on sex hormone levels and aromatase activity. Toxicol Lett 164(2):113-122. PMID:16412591

2005

• Hennig B, Toborek M, Ramadass P, Ludewig G, Robertson LW, Arif JM. 2005. Polychlorinated biphenyls, oxidative stress and diet. Chapter Vol. 3 in: Reviews in Food and Nutrition Toxicity. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, DE. pp.93-128.

2003

• Fadhel ZA, Bunaciu RP, Glauert HP, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 2003. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in testes of rats treated with 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB-153) and effects of corn oil, medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil and olive oil. Toxicol Sci 72(1):1771Suppl.S.
• Fadhel ZA, Bunaciu RP, Glauert HP, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 2003. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in testes of rats treated with 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB-153) and effects of corn oil, medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil and olive oil. In: Proceedings of the 42^nd Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology (SOT), March 9-13, 2003. Salt Lake City, UT.
• Ludewig G, Tampal N, Robertson LW. 2003. Comparative study of PCB, Pbb and PBDE mixtures on serum parameters in the rat. Presented at the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Cociety of Toxicology in Salt Lake City, Utan, March 9-13, 2003. In: Proceedings of the 42^nd Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology (SOT), March 9-13, 2003. Salt Lake City, UT.
• Tampal N, Robertson LW, Srinivasan C, Ludewig G. 2003. Polychlorinated biphenyls are not substrates for the multidrug resistance transporter-1. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 187(3):168-177. PMID:12662900

2002

• Fadhel ZA, Stafine N, Glauert HP, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 2002. The effects of purified vs. unrefined diets on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in tests of PCB-153 treated rats. Toxicol Sci 66:349.
• Srinivasan A, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 2002. Sulfhydryl binding and topoisomerase inhibition by PCB Metabolites. Chem Res Toxicol 15(4):497-505. PMID:11952335
• Tampal N, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 2002. In vivo MDR1 transport studies with PCB 77. Organohalogen Compounds 55:457-459.

2001

• Festag M, Ludewig G, Srinivasan A, Robertson LW, Steinberg P. 2001. PCB-3, PCB-44 und verschiedene PCB Metabolite verursachen keine Einselstrangbruche in DNA in vitro und/oder in vivo. In: Proceedings of the German Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology 42^nd Spring Meeting. 13-15 March 2001. Mainz, Germany.
• Festag M, Ludewig G, Srinivasan A, Robertson LW, Steinberg P. 2001. PCB-3, PCB-77 und verschiedene PCB Metabolite verursachen keine Einselstrangbruche in DNA in vitro und/oder in vivo. In: Proceedings of the 42^nd Fruhjahrstagung of the German Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, March 13-15, 2001. Mainz, Germany.
• Festag M, Srinivasan A, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 2001. Studies of the Effects of PCB-3, PCB-77, and Benzo(a)pyrene on Blood in Mice in vivo. In: PCBs: Recent Advances in Environmental Toxicology and Health Effects. University Kentucky Press, Lexington, KY.
• Ludewig G. 2001. Cancer Initiation by PCBs. In: PCBs: Recent Advances in Environmental Toxicology and Health Effects. University Kentucky Press, Lexington, KY.
• Ludewig G, Srinivasan A, McLean MR, Twaroski TP, Robertson LW. 2001. Oxidative Stess: Mechanisms of toxicity of persistent organic polllutants. In: Proceedings of the 44^th Annual Meeting of the Polish Chemical Society, September 9-13, 2001. Katowice, Poland.
• Ludewig G, Srinivasan A, McLean MR, Twaroski TP, Robertson LW. 2001. Oxidative stress: mechanisms of toxicity of persistent organic pollutants. Cent Eur J Public Health 111.
• Ludewig G, Srinivasan A, Robertson LW. 2001. Mechanisms of toxicity of PCB metabolites: generation of reactive oxygen species and glutathione depletion. Cent Eur J Public Health 8:15-17. PMID:10943438
• Ludewig G, Stemm DN, Tampal N. 2001. Interactions of pentamidine with the human multidrug resistance transporte (MDR). Environ Health Perspect 60(1):1798.
• Srinivasan A, Espandiari P, Festag M, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 2001. Analysis of DNA Strand Break Induction by PCB Metabolites in HL-60 Cells. In: PCBs: Recent Advances in Environmental Toxicology and Health Effects. University Kentucky Press, Lexington, KY. pp.395-398.
• Srinivasan A, Espandiari P, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 2001. Intracellular oxidative stress produced by PCB metabolites. Environ Health Perspect 60(1):1127.
• Srinivasan A, Lehmler H, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 2001. Production of DNA strand breaks in vitro and Reactive Oxygen Species in vitro and in HL-60 cells by PCB Metabolites. Toxicol Sci 60(1):92-102. PMID:11222876
• Srinivasan A, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 2001. Mechanisms of Toxicity of PCB Metabolites: Sulfhydryl Binding and ROS Generation. In: PCBs: Recent Advances in Environmental Toxicology and Health Effects. University Kentucky Press, Lexington, KY. pp.387-390.
• Tampal N, Robertson LW, Lehmler H, Srinivasan C, Ludewig G. 2001. PCBs as Substrates for the MDR Transporter. Environ Health Perspect 60(1):1118.
• Tampal N, Robertson LW, Lehmler H, Srinivasan C, Ludewig G. 2001. PCBs as Substrates for the MDR Transporter. In: Proceedings of the 40^th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology (SOT), March 25-29, 2001. San Franciso, CA.

2000

• Ludewig G, Espandiari P, Festag M, Lehmler H, Pereg D, Srinivasan A, Tampal N, Twaroski TP, Arif JM, Gupta RC, Robertson LW. 2000. Mechanisms of cancer induction by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In: Proceedings of the "Era of Hope" Department of Defense Breast Cancer Research Program Meeting, June 8-11, 2000. Atlanta, GA.
• Ludewig G, Espandiari P, Festag M, Lehmler H, Pereg D, Srinivasan A, Tampal N, Twaroski TP, Arif JM, Gupta RC, Robertson LW. 2000. Mechanisms of cancer induction by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In: Proceedings of the 2^nd Department of Defense Breast Cancer Research Program, 2000. Alanta, GA. pp.325.
• Ludewig G, Lehmler H, Boivin R, Srinivasan A, Robertson LW. 2000. Reactivity of halogenated and non-halogenated dihydroxy-biphenyls in vitro and in cells in culture. Toxicol Sci 54(1):76.
• Ludewig G, Lehmler H, Boivin R, Srinivasan A, Robertson LW. 2000. Reactivity of halogenated and non-halogenated dihydroxy-biphenyls in vitro and in cells in culture. In: Proceedings of the 39^th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology (SOT), March 19-23, 2000. Philadelphia, PA.
• Robertson LW, Espandiari P, Lehmler H, Pereg D, Srinivasan A, Tampal N, Twaroski TP, Ludewig G, Glauert HP, Arif JM, Gupta RC. 2000. Metabolism and activation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Cent Eur J Public Health 8Suppl:14-15. PMID:10943437
• Srinivasan A, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 2000. PCB metabolites: cytotoxicity, glutathione depletion and inhibition of topoisomerase II. In: Proceedings of the 39^th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology (SOT), March 19-23, 2000. Philadelphia, PA.
• Srinivasan A, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 2000. PCB metabolites: cytotoxicity, glutathione depletion and inhibition of topoisomerase II. Toxicol Sci 54(1):78.

1999

• Espandiari P, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 1999. Dihydroxybiphenyls: A structure-activity comparison. In: Proceedings of the Ninetieth Annual Meeting of the (AACR) American Association of Cancer Research, 1999. pp.328.
• Espandiari P, Srinivasan A, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 1999. Structure activity relationships for strand break induction and toxicity of lower halogenated dihydroxy-biphenyls. In: Proceedings of the Ninetieth Annual Meeting of the (AACR) American Association of Cancer Research, 1999. pp.2259.
• Srinivasan A, Espandiari P, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 1999. DNA strand break induction by the PCB metabolite 4-chloro-2',5'-dihydroxybiphenyl. In: Proceedings of the Ninetieth Annual Meeting of the (AACR) American Association of Cancer Research, 1999. pp.2258.
• Srinivasan A, Lehmler H, Shaw JR, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 1999. Superoxide production and glutathione binding by hydroquinone and p-quinone metabolites of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). In: Proceedings of the Ninetieth Annual Meeting of the (AACR) American Association of Cancer Research, 1999. pp.4261.

1998

• Espandiari P, Ludewig G, Glauert HP, Robertson LW. 1998. Activation of hepatic NF-ÇB by the herbicide Dicamba (2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid) in female and male rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 12:339-344. PMID:9736482
• Ludewig G, Espandiari P, Srinivasan A, Robertson LW. 1998. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and genotoxicity associated with PCB metabolism. Pol J Pharmacol 50(83):
• Ludewig G, Srinivasan A, Espandiari P, Robertson LW. 1998. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and genotoxicity by metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Organohalogen Compounds 37:143-146.

1997

• Robertson LW, Amaro AR, Bauer U, Espandiari P, Ludewig G, McLean MR, Oakley GG, Twaroski TP, Gupta RC. 1997. Oxidative DNA Damage Induced by Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). New Activation Mechanisms. In: Proceedings of the DOD (Department of Defense ) Breast Cancer Research Program Meeting. Washington, DC. pp.211.

1996

• Ludewig G, Oakley GG, Espandiari P, Robertson LW. 1996. Production of superoxide and DNA strand breaks by diol metabolites of lower chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In: Proceedings of the Eighty Seventh Annual Meeting of the (AACR) American Association of Cancer Research, 1996. pp.989.