Superfund Research Program

Theodore A. Slotkin

Duke University Medical Center
Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology
Box 3813 Med Ctr.
Durham, North Carolina 27710
Phone: 919-681-8015
Fax: 919-684-8922
Email: t.slotkin@duke.edu

Projects

• Duke University: Administrative Core (2000-2022)
• Duke University: Cholinergic and Monoaminergic Mechanisms of Persistent Neurobehavioral Toxicity (2017-2022)
• Duke University: Developmental Neurotoxicants: Sensitization, Consequences, and Mechanisms (2011-2017)
• Duke University: Developmental Neurotoxicity of Superfund Pesticides: Biomarkers and Mechanisms (2000-2011)
• Duke University: Neural and Behavioral Toxicity Assessment Core (2011-2022)
• Duke University: Persistent Mitochondrial and Epigenetic Effects of Early Life Toxicant Exposure (2017-2022)

Research Briefs

• 267 - Cell-Based Models Reveal Differences in How PAH Mixtures Affect Neurodevelopment
• 230 - Combined Exposure to Glucocorticoids and Chlorpyrifos Influences Neurobehavioral Development
• 185 - Childhood Exposures to Pesticides May Contribute to Obesity and Diabetes in Adults
• 158 - A Screening Tool to Identify Developmental Neurotoxicants
• 80 - Mechanisms of Chlorpyrifos Developmental Neurotoxicity

Publications

2022

• Hawkey AB, Evans J, Holloway Z, Pippen E, Jarrett O, Kenou B, Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ, Levin ED. 2022. Developmental exposure to the flame retardant, triphenyl phosphate, causes long-lasting neurobehavioral and neurochemical dysfunction. Birth Defects Res doi:10.1002/bdr2.2125 PMID:36369782 PMCID:PMC10197196
• Hawkey AB, Pippen E, Kenou B, Holloway Z, Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ, Levin ED. 2022. Persistent neurobehavioral and neurochemical anomalies in middle-aged rats after maternal diazinon exposure. Toxicology 472:153189. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2022.153189 PMID:35452779

2021

• Slotkin TA, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. 2021. Paternal cannabis exposure prior to mating, but not 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, elicits deficits in dopaminergic synaptic activity in the offspring. Toxicol Sci 184(2):doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfab117 PMID:34590702

2020

• Hawkey AB, Glazer L, Dean C, Wells C, Odamah K, Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ, Levin ED. 2020. Adult exposure to insecticides causes persistent behavioral and neurochemical alterations in zebrafish. Neurotoxicol Teratol 78:doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2019.106853 PMID:31911208 PMCID:PMC7061078

2019

• Slotkin TA, Skavicus S, Ko A, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. 2019. Perinatal diazinon exposure compromises the development of acetylcholine and serotonin systems. Toxicology 424:10. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2019.152240 PMID:31251962 PMCID:PMC6689134
• Slotkin TA, Skavicus S, Ko A, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. 2019. The developmental neurotoxicity of tobacco smoke can be mimicked by a combination of nicotine and benzo[a]pyrene: effects on cholinergic and serotonergic systems. Toxicol Sci 168:280. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfy304 PMID:30247698 PMCID:PMC6681680

2018

• Slotkin TA, Skavicus S, Seidler FJ. 2018. Developmental neurotoxicity resulting from pharmacotherapy of preterm labor, modeled In Vitro: Terbutaline and dexamethasone, separately and together. Toxicology 30033-30037. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2018.03.001 PMID:29524569 PMCID:PMC5903951

2017

• Slotkin TA, Skavicus S, Card JA, Di Giulio RT, Seidler FJ. 2017. In vitro models reveal differences in the developmental neurotoxicity of an environmental polycylic aromatic hydrocarbon mixture compared to benzo[a]pyrene: Neuronotypic PC12 Cells and embryonic neural stem cells. Toxicology 377:49-56. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2016.12.008 PMID:28049045 PMCID:PMC5250555
• Slotkin TA, Skavicus S, Seidler FJ. 2017. Diazinon and parathion diverge in their effects on development of noradrenergic systems. Brain Res Bull 130:268-273. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.02.004 PMID:28235599
• Slotkin TA, Skavicus S, Stapleton HM, Seidler FJ. 2017. Brominated and organophosphate flame retardants target different neurodevelopmental stages, characterized with embryonic neural stem cells and neuronotypic PC12 cells. Toxicology 390:32-42. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2017.08.009 PMID:28851516 PMCID:PMC5633518

2016

• Slotkin TA, Skavicus S, Card JA, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. 2016. Diverse neurotoxicants target the differentiation of embryonic neural stem cells into neuronal and glial phenotypes. Toxicology 372:42-51. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2016.10.015 PMID:27816694 PMCID:PMC5137195

2015

• Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ. 2015. Prenatal nicotine alters the developmental neurotoxicity of postnatal chlorpyrifos directed toward cholinergic systems: better, worse, or just different?. Brain Res Bull 110:54-67. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.12.003 PMID:25510202 PMCID:PMC4297693
• Slotkin TA, Skavicus S, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. 2015. Prenatal nicotine changes the response to postnatal chlorpyrifos: Interactions targeting serotonergic synaptic function and cognition. Brain Res Bull 111:84-96. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.01.003 PMID:25592617 PMCID:PMC4324014
• Slotkin TA, Skavicus S, Seidler FJ. 2015. Prenatal drug exposures sensitize noradrenergic circuits to subsequent disruption by chlorpyrifos. Toxicology 338:8-16. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2015.09.005 PMID:26419632 PMCID:PMC4658258

2014

• Levin ED, Cauley M, Johnson JE, Cooper EM, Stapleton HM, Ferguson PL, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2014. Prenatal dexamethasone augments the neurobehavioral teratology of chlorpyrifos: significance for maternal stress and preterm labor. Neurotoxicol Teratol 41:35-42. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2013.10.004 PMID:24177596 PMCID:PMC3943881
• Slotkin TA, Card JA, Seidler FJ. 2014. Prenatal dexamethasone, as used in preterm labor, worsens the impact of postnatal chlorpyrifos exposure on serotonergic pathways. Brain Res Bull 100:44-54. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.10.014 PMID:24280657 PMCID:PMC3891922

2013

• Slotkin TA, Card JA, Infante A, Seidler FJ. 2013. BDE99 (2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether) suppresses differentiation into neurotransmitter phenotypes in PC12 cells. Neurotoxicol Teratol 37:13-17. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2013.02.001 PMID:23422510 PMCID:PMC3669237
• Slotkin TA, Card JA, Infante A, Seidler FJ. 2013. Prenatal dexamethasone augments the sex-selective developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos: Implications for vulnerability after pharmacotherapy for preterm labor. Neurotoxicol Teratol 37:1-12. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2013.02.002 PMID:23416428 PMCID:PMC3669256
• Slotkin TA, Card JA, Seidler FJ. 2013. Adverse benzo[a]pyrene effects on neurodifferentiation are altered by other neurotoxicant coexposures: Interactions with dexamethasone, chlorpyrifos, or nicotine in PC12 cells. Environ Health Perspect 121:825-831. doi:10.1289/ehp.1306528 PMID:23603068 PMCID:PMC3702011
• Slotkin TA, Cooper EM, Stapleton HM, Seidler FJ. 2013. Does thyroid disruption contribute to the developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos?. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 36(2):284-287. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2013.04.003 PMID:23686008 PMCID:PMC3745805
• Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ. 2013. Terbutaline impairs the development of peripheral noradrenergic projections: Potential implications for autism spectrum disorders and pharmacotherapy of preterm labor. Neurotoxicol Teratol 36:91-96. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2012.07.003 PMID:22813780 PMCID:PMC3492522

2012

• Slotkin TA, Card JA, Seidler FJ. 2012. Chlorpyrifos developmental neurotoxicity: interaction with glucocorticoids in PC12 cells. Neurotoxicol Teratol 34:505-512. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2012.07.002 PMID:22796634 PMCID:PMC3462281
• Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ. 2012. Developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphates targets cell cycle and apoptosis, revealed by transcriptional profiles in vivo and in vitro. Neurotoxicol Teratol 34:232-241. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2011.12.001 PMID:22222554 PMCID:PMC3303931
• Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ. 2012. Does mechanism matter? Unrelated neurotoxicants converge on cell cycle and apoptosis during neurodifferentiation. Neurotoxicol Teratol 34:395-402. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2012.04.008 PMID:22546817 PMCID:PMC3404226

2011

• Powers CM, Levin ED, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2011. Silver exposure in developing zebrafish produces persistent synaptic and behavioral changes. Neurotoxicol Teratol 33:329-332. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2010.10.006 PMID:21035540 PMCID:PMC3071894
• Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2011. Developmental neurotoxicity targeting hepatic and cardiac sympathetic innervation: Effects of organophosphates are distinct from those of glucocorticoids. Brain Res Bull 85:225-230. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.03.021 PMID:21453761 PMCID:PMC3109170
• Slotkin TA. 2011. Does early-life exposure to organophosphate insecticides lead to prediabetes and obesity?. Reprod Toxicol 31:297-301. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.07.012 PMID:20850519 PMCID:PMC3025269
• Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ, Spindel ER. 2011. Prenatal nicotine exposure in rhesus monkeys compromises development of brainstem and cardiac monoamine pathways involved in perinatal adaptation and sudden infant death syndrome: amelioration by Vitamin C. Neurotoxicol Teratol 33:431-434. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2011.02.001 PMID:21320590 PMCID:PMC3109087

2010

• Adigun A, Ryde IT, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2010. Organophosphate exposure during a critical developmental stage reprograms adenylyl cyclase signaling in PC12 cells. Brain Res 1329:36-44. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.025 PMID:20298678 PMCID:PMC2857560
• Adigun A, Wrench N, Levin ED, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2010. Neonatal parathion exposure and interactions with a high-fat diet in adulthood: adenylyl cyclase-mediated cell signaling in heart, liver and cerebellum. Brain Res Bull 81:605-612. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.01.003 PMID:20074626 PMCID:PMC2826615
• Adigun A, Wrench N, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2010. Neonatal dexamethasone treatment leads to alterations in cell signaling cascades controlling hepatic and cardiac function in adulthood. Neurotoxicol Teratol 32:193-199. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2009.10.002 PMID:19853034 PMCID:PMC2838927
• Adigun A, Wrench N, Slotkin TA. 2010. Neonatal organophosphorus pesticide exposure alters the developmental trajectory of cell-signaling cascades controlling metabolism: differential effects of diazinon and parathion. Environ Health Perspect 118(2):210-215. doi:10.1289/ehp.0901237 PMID:20123610 PMCID:PMC2831919
• Lassiter TL, Ryde IT, Levin ED, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2010. Neonatal exposure to parathion alters lipid metabolism in adulthood: Interactions with dietary fat intake and implications for neurodevelopmental deficits. Brain Res Bull 81(1):85-91. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.07.002 PMID:19615431 PMCID:PMC2795103
• Levin ED, Timofeeva OA, Yang L, Ryde IT, Wrench N, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2010. Early postnatal parathion exposure in rats causes sex-selective cognitive impairment and neurotransmitter defects which emerge in aging. Behav. Brain Res 208:319-327. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.11.007 PMID:20015457 PMCID:PMC2831164
• Powers CM, Wrench N, Ryde IT, Smith AA, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2010. Silver impairs neurodevelopment: studies in PC12 cells. Environ Health Perspect 118(1):73-79. doi:10.1289/ehp.0901149 PMID:20056586 PMCID:PMC2831971
• Powers CM, Yen J, Linney EA, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2010. Silver exposure in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio): persistent effects on larval behavior and survival. Neurotoxicol Teratol 32(3):391-397. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2010.01.009 PMID:20116428 PMCID:PMC2854181
• Slotkin TA, Lobner D, Seidler FJ. 2010. Transcriptional profiles for glutamate transporters reveal differences between organophosphates but similarities with unrelated neurotoxicants. Brain Res Bull 83:76-83. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.06.010 PMID:20600679 PMCID:PMC2922476
• Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ. 2010. Diverse neurotoxicants converge on gene expression for neuropeptides and their receptors in an In vitro model of neurodifferentiation: effects of chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dieldrin and divalent nickel in PCI2 cells. Brain Res 1353:36-52. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.073 PMID:20682304 PMCID:PMC2933311
• Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ. 2010. Oxidative stress from diverse developmental neurotoxicants: antioxidants protect against lipid peroxidation without preventing cell loss. Neurotoxicol Teratol 32(2):124-131. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2009.12.001 PMID:20004241 PMCID:PMC2838986

2009

• Slotkin TA, Lassiter TL, Ryde IT, Wrench N, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. 2009. Consumption of a high-fat diet in adulthood ameliorates the effects of neonatal parathion exposure on acetylcholine systems in rat brain regions. Environ Health Perspect 117(6):916-22. PMID:19590683
• Slotkin TA, Ryde IT, Wrench N, Card JA, Seidler FJ. 2009. Nonenzymatic role of acetylcholinesterase in neuritic sprouting: regional changes in acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase after neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. Neurotoxicol Teratol 31(3):183-6. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2008.12.007 PMID:19452616 PMCID:PMC2775534
• Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ. 2009. Protein kinase C is a target for diverse developmental neurotoxicants: transcriptional responses to chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dieldrin and divalent nickel in PC12 cells. Brain Res 1263:23-32. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.01.049 PMID:19368821 PMCID:PMC2670938
• Slotkin TA, Wrench N, Ryde IT, Lassiter TL, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. 2009. Neonatal parathion exposure disrupts serotonin and dopamine synaptic function in rat brain regions: modulation by a high-fat diet in adulthood. Neurotoxicol Teratol 31(6):390-399. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2009.07.003 PMID:19616088 PMCID:PMC2761992

2008

• Lassiter TL, Ryde IT, MacKillop EA, Brown KK, Levin ED, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2008. Exposure of neonatal rats to parathion elicits sex-selective reprogramming of metabolism and alters the response to a high-fat diet in adulthood. Environ Health Perspect 116(11):1456-1462. doi:10.1289/ehp.11673 PMID:19057696 PMCID:PMC2592263
• Roegge CS, Timofeeva OA, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA, Levin ED. 2008. Developmental diazinon neurotoxicity in rats: later effects on emotional response. Brain Res Bull 75:168-172. PMID:18158111
• Slotkin TA, Bodwell BE, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. 2008. Neonatal exposure to low doses of diazinon: long-term effects on neural cell development and acetylcholine systems. Environ Health Perspect 116(3):340-348. doi:10.1289/ehp.11005 PMID:18335101 PMCID:PMC2265026
• Slotkin TA, Bodwell BE, Ryde IT, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. 2008. Exposure of neonatal rats to parathion elicits sex-selective impairment of acetylcholine systems in brain regions during adolescence and adulthood. Environ Health Perspect 116(10):1308-1314. doi:10.1289/ehp.11451 PMID:18941570 PMCID:PMC2569087
• Slotkin TA, Ryde IT, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. 2008. Developmental neurotoxicity of low dose diazinon exposure of neonatal rats: effects on serotonin systems in adolescence and adulthood. Brain Res Bull 75(5):640-647. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.10.008 PMID:18355640 PMCID:PMC2322865
• Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ. 2008. Developmental neurotoxicants target neurodifferentiation into the serotonin phenotype: Chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dieldrin and divalent nickel. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 233(2):211-219. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2008.08.020 PMID:18835401 PMCID:PMC2645545
• Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ, Fumagalli F. 2008. Targeting of neurotrophic factors, their receptors, and signaling pathways in the developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphates in vivo and in vitro. Brain Res Bull 76(4):424-438. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.01.001 PMID:18502319 PMCID:PMC2430428
• Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ, Ryde IT, Yanai J. 2008. Developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos in an avian model: effects on acetylcholine and serotonin pathways. Neurotoxicol Teratol PMID:18436430
• Timofeeva OA, Roegge CS, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA, Levin ED. 2008. Persistent cognitive alterations in rats after early postnatal exposure to low doses of the organophosphate pesticide, diazinon. Neurotoxicol Teratol 30(1):38-45. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2007.10.002 PMID:18096363 PMCID:PMC2262840
• Timofeeva OA, Sanders D, Seemann K, Yang L, Hermanson D, Regenbogen S, Kallepalli A, Rastogi A, Braddy D, Wells C, Perraut C, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA, Levin ED, Agoos S. 2008. Persistent behavioral alterations in rats neonatally exposed to low doses of the organophosphate pesticide, parathion. Brain Res Bull 77(6):404-411. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.08.019 PMID:18817854 PMCID:PMC2612039

2007

• Buznikov GA, Nikitina LA, Rakic LM, Milosevic I, Bezuglov VV, Lauder JM, Slotkin TA. 2007. The sea urchin embryo, an invertebrate model for mammalian developmental neurotoxicity, reveals multiple neurotransmitter mechanisms for effects of chlorpyrifos: therapeutic interventions and a comparison with the monoamine depleter, reserpine. Brain Res Bull 74(4):221-231. PMID:17720543
• Jameson RR, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2007. Nonenzymatic functions of acetylcholinesterase splice variants in the developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphates: chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos oxon, and diazinon. Environ Health Perspect 115(1):65-70. PMID:17366821 PMCID:PMC1797835
• Slotkin TA, MacKillop EA, Ryde IT, Seidler FJ. 2007. Ameliorating the developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos: a mechanisms-based approach in PC12 cells. Environ Health Perspect 115:1306-1313. PMID:17805420
• Slotkin TA, MacKillop EA, Ryde IT, Tate CA, Seidler FJ. 2007. Screening for developmental neurotoxicity using PC12 cells: comparisons of organophosphates with a carbamate, an organochlorine, and divalent nickel. Environ Health Perspect 115(1):93-101. PMID:17366826 PMCID:PMC1797840
• Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ. 2007. Comparative developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphates in vivo: transcriptional responses of pathways for brain cell development, cell signaling, cytotoxicity and neurotransmitter systems. Brain Res 72:232-274. PMID:17452286
• Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ. 2007. Developmental exposure to terbutaline and chlorpyrifos, separately or sequentially, elicits presynaptic serotonergic hyperactivity in juvenile and adolescent rats. Brain Res Bull 73(4-6):301-9. PMID:17562396
• Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ. 2007. Prenatal chlorpyrifos exposure elicits presynaptic serotonergic and dopaminergic hyperactivity at adolescence: critical periods for regional and sex-selective effects. Reprod Toxicol 23(3):421-7. PMID:17267174
• Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ, Fumagalli F. 2007. Exposure to organophosphates reduces the expression of neurotrophic factors in neonatal rat brain regions: similarities and differences in the effects of chlorpyrifos and diazinon on the fibroblast growth factor superfamily. Environ Health Perspect 115(6):909-16. PMID:17589599

2006

• Jameson RR, Seidler FJ, Qiao D, Slotkin TA. 2006. Adverse neurodevelopmental effects of dexamethasone modeled in PC12 Cells: identifying the critical stages and concentration thresholds for the targeting of cell acquisition, differentiation and viability. Neuropsychopharmacology 31(8):1647-1658. PMID:16319912
• Jameson RR, Seidler FJ, Qiao D, Slotkin TA. 2006. Chlorpyrifos affects phenotypic outcomes in a model of mammalian neurodevelopment: critical stages targeting differentiation in PC12 cells. Environ Health Perspect 114:667-672. PMID:16675418
• Slotkin TA, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. 2006. Comparative developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphate insecticides: effects on brain development are separable from systemic toxicity. Environ Health Perspect 114(5):746-751. PMID:16675431
• Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ. 2006. Anomalous regulation of B-adrenoceptor signaling in brain regions of the newborn rat. Brain Res 1077(1):54-58.
• Slotkin TA, Tate CA, Ryde IT, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. 2006. Organophosphate insecticides target the serotonergic system in developing rat brain regions: disparate effects of diazinon and parathion at doses spanning the threshold for cholinesterase inhibition. Environ Health Perspect 114:1542-1545. PMID:17035140

2005

• Aldridge JE, Levin ED, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2005. Developmental exposure of rats to chlorpyrifos leads to behavioral alterations in adulthood, involving serotonergic mechanisms and resembling animal models of depression. Environ Health Perspect 113(5):527-531. PMID:15866758
• Aldridge JE, Meyer A, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2005. Alterations in central nervous system serotonergic and dopaminergic synaptic activity in adulthood after prenatal or neonatal chlorpyrifos exposure. Environ Health Perspect 113(8):1027-1031. PMID:16079074 PMCID:PMC1280344
• Aldridge JE, Meyer A, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2005. Developmental exposure to terbutaline and chlorpyrifos: pharmacotherapy of preterm labor and an environmental neurotoxicant converge on serotonergic systems in neonatal rat brain regions. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 203(2):132-144. PMID:15710174
• Garcia SJ, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2005. Developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos: targeting glial cells. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 19(3):455-461. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2004.12.007 PMID:21783512
• Meyer A, Seidler FJ, Aldridge JE, Slotkin TA. 2005. Developmental exposure to terbutaline alters cell signaling in mature rat brain regions and augments the effects of subsequent neonatal exposure to the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 203(2):154-166. PMID:15710176
• Qiao D, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2005. Oxidative mechanisms contributing to the developmental neurotoxicity of nicotine and chlorpyrifos. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 206(1):17-26. PMID:15963341
• Roy TS, Sharma V, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2005. Quantitative morphological assessment reveals neuronal and glial deficits in hippocampus after a brief subtoxic exposure to chlorpyrifos in neonatal rats. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 155(1):71-80. doi:10.1016/j.devbrainres.2004.12.004 PMID:15763277
• Slotkin TA. 2005. Developmental Neurotoxicity of Organophosphates: A Case Study of Chlorpyrifos. Chapter 21 in: Toxicity of Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds. (Gupta RC, ed). Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, CA. pp.293-314.
• Slotkin TA, Brown KK, Seidler FJ. 2005. Developmental exposure of rats to chlorpyrifos elicits sex-selective hyperlipidemia and hyperinsulinemia in adulthood. Environ Health Perspect 113(10):1291-1294. PMID:16203236 PMCID:PMC1281268
• Slotkin TA, Oliver CA, Seidler FJ. 2005. Critical periods for the role of oxidative stress in the developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos and terbutaline, alone or in combination. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 157(2):172-180. PMID:15963356
• Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ. 2005. The alterations in CNS serotonergic mechanisms caused by neonatal chlorpyrifos exposure are permanent. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 158(1-2):115-119. doi:10.1016/j.devbrainres.2005.06.008 PMID:16024092
• Slotkin TA, Tate CA, Cousins MM, Seidler FJ. 2005. Imbalances emerge in cardiac autonomic cell signaling after neonatal exposure to terbutaline or chlorpyrifos, alone or in combination. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 160(2):219-230. PMID:16256208

2004

• Aldridge JE, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2004. Developmental exposure to chlorpyrifos elicits sex-selective alterations of serotonergic synaptic function in adulthood: critical periods and regional selectivity for effects on the serotonin transporter, receptor subtypes, and cell signaling. Environ Health Perspect 112(2):148-155. PMID:14754568
• Icenogle LM, Christopher NC, Blackwelder WP, Caldwell DP, Qiao D, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA, Levin ED. 2004. Behavioral alterations in adolescent and adult rats caused by a brief subtoxic exposure to chlorpyrifos during neurulation. Neurotoxicol Teratol 26(1):95-101. PMID:15001218
• Izrael M, Van der Zee EA, Slotkin TA, Yanai J. 2004. Cholinergic synaptic signaling mechanisms underlying behavioral teratogenicity: effects of nicotine, chlorpyrifos, and heroin converge on protein kinase C translocation in the intermedial part of the hyperstriatum ventrale and on imprinting behavior in an avian model. J Neurosci Res 78(4):499-507. doi:10.1002/jnr.20287 PMID:15470723
• Meyer A, Seidler FJ, Aldridge JE, Tate CA, Cousins MM, Slotkin TA. 2004. Critical periods for chlorpyrifos-induced developmental neurotoxicity: alterations in adenylyl cyclase signaling in adult rat brain regions after gestational or neonatal exposure. Environ Health Perspect 112(3):295-301. PMID:14998743
• Meyer A, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2004. Developmental effects of chlorpyrifos extend beyond neurotoxicity: critical periods for immediate and delayed-onset effects on cardiac and hepatic cell signaling. Environ Health Perspect 112(2):170-178. PMID:14754571
• Qiao D, Seidler FJ, Abreu-Villaca Y, Tate CA, Cousins MM, Slotkin TA. 2004. Chlorpyrifos exposure during neurulation: cholinergic synaptic dysfunction and cellular alterations in brain regions at adolescence and adulthood. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 148(1):43-52. PMID:14757517
• Rhodes MC, Seidler FJ, Qiao D, Tate CA, Cousins MM, Slotkin TA. 2004. Does pharmacotherapy for preterm labor sensitize the developing brain to environmental neurotoxicants? Cellular and synaptic effects of sequential exposure to terbutaline and chlorpyrifos in neonatal rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 195(2):203-217. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2003.11.008 PMID:14998686
• Roy TS, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2004. Morphologic effects of subtoxic neonatal chlorpyrifos exposure in developing rat brain: regionally selective alterations in neurons and glia. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 148(2):197-206. doi:10.1016/j.devbrainres.2003.12.004 PMID:14766197
• Slotkin TA. 2004. Cholinergic systems in brain development and disruption by neurotoxicants: nicotine, environmental tobacco smoke, organophosphates. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 198(2):132-151. PMID:15236950
• Slotkin TA. 2004. Guidelines for developmental neurotoxicity and their impact on organophosphate pesticides: a personal view from an academic perspective. Neurotoxicology 25(4):631-640. PMID:15183016
• Slotkin TA, Southard MC, Adam SJ, Cousins MM, Seidler FJ. 2004. Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors targeted by cholinergic developmental neurotoxicants: nicotine and chlorpyrifos. Brain Res Bull 64(3):227-235. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2004.07.005 PMID:15464859

2003

• Aldridge JE, Seidler FJ, Meyer A, Thillai I, Slotkin TA. 2003. Serotonergic systems targeted by developmental exposure to chlorpyrifos: effects during different critical periods. Environ Health Perspect 111(14):1736-1743. PMID:14594624
• Buznikov GA, Slotkin TA, Lauder JM. 2003. Sea urchin embryos and larvae as biosensors for neurotoxins. In: Current Protocals in Toxicology. John Wiley & Sons, NY. pp.1.6.1-1.6.24.
• Dam K, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2003. Transcriptional biomarkers distinguish between vunerable periods for developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos: implications for toxicogenomics. Brain Res Bull 59(4):261-265. PMID:12464398
• Garcia SJ, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2003. Developmental neurotoxicity elicited by prenatal or postnatal chlorpyrifos exposure: effects on neurospecific proteins indicate changing vulnerabilities. Environ Health Perspect 111(3):297-303. PMID:12611658 PMCID:PMC1241386
• Meyer A, Seidler FJ, Cousins MM, Slotkin TA. 2003. Developmental neurotoxicity elicited by gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos: when is adenylyl cyclase a target?. Environ Health Perspect 111(16):1871-1876. PMID:14644659 PMCID:PMC1241759
• Nikitina LA, Buznikov GA, Lauder JM, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2003. The sea urchin embryo as a model for mammalian developmental neurotoxicity: ontogenesis of the high-affinity choline transporter and its role in cholinergic trophic activity. Environ Health Perspect 111(14):536-544. PMID:14594623
• Qiao D, Seidler FJ, Violin JD, Slotkin TA. 2003. Nicotine is a developmental neurotoxicant and neuroprotectant: stage-selective inhibition of DNA synthesis coincident with shielding from effects of chlorpyrifos. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 147(1-2):183-190. PMID:14741763
• Seidler FJ, Tate CA, Cousins MM, Slotkin TA. 2003. Fetal chlorpyrifos exposure: adverse effects on brain cell development and cholinergic biomarkers emerge postnatally and continue into adolescence and adulthood. Environ Health Perspect 111(4):536-544. PMID:12676612 PMCID:PMC1241441

2002

• Garcia SJ, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2002. Chlorpyrifos targets developing glia: effects on glial fibrillary acidic protein. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 133(2):151-161. PMID:11882345
• Levin ED, Addy N, Baruah A, Elias A, Christopher NC, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2002. Prenatal chlorpyrifos exposure in rats causes persistent behavioral alterations. Neurotoxicol Teratol 24(6):733-741. PMID:12460655
• Seidler FJ, Padilla S, Slotkin TA, Qiao D. 2002. Developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos: what is the vulnerable period?. Environ Health Perspect 110(11):1097-1103. PMID:12417480 PMCID:PMC1241065
• Slotkin TA, Tate CA, Cousins MM, Seidler FJ. 2002. Functional alterations in CNS catecholamine systems in adolescence and adulthood after neonatal chlorpyrifos exposure. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 133(2):163-173. PMID:11882346
• Yanai J, Vatury O, Slotkin TA. 2002. Cell signaling as a target and underlying mechanism for neurobehavioral teratogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 965:473-478. PMID:12105122

2001

• Buznikov GA, Bezuglov VV, Nikitina LA, Slotkin TA, Lauder JM. 2001. Cholinergic regulation of sea urchin embryonic and larval development. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 87(11):1548-1556. PMID:11822358
• Buznikov GA, Nikitina LA, Bezuglov VV, Lauder JM, Padilla S, Slotkin TA. 2001. An invertebrate model of the developmental neurotoxicity of insecticides: effects of chlorpyrifos and dieldrin in sea urchin embryos and larvae. Environ Health Perspect 109(7):651-661. PMID:11485862
• Garcia SJ, Seidler FJ, Crumpton TL, Slotkin TA. 2001. Does the developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos involve glial targets? Macromolecule synthesis, adenylyl cyclase signaling, nuclear transcription factors, and formation of reactive oxygen in C6 glioma cells. Brain Res 891(1-2):54-68. PMID:11164809
• Levin ED, Addy N, Nakajima A, Christopher NC, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2001. Persistent behavioral consequences of neonatal chlorpyrifos exposure in rats. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 130(1):83-89. PMID:11557096
• Navarro HA, Basta PV, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2001. Neonatal chlorpyrifos administration elicits deficits in immune function in adulthood: a neural effect?. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 130(2):249-252. PMID:11675126
• Raines KW, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2001. Alterations in serotonin transporter expression in brain regions of rats exposed neonatally to chlorpyrifos. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 130(1):65-72. PMID:11557094
• Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA, Qiao D. 2001. Developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos modeled in vitro: comparative effects of metabolites and other cholinesterase inhibitors on DNA synthesis in PC12 and C6 cells. Environ Health Perspect 109(9):909-913. PMID:11673119 PMCID:PMC1240440
• Slotkin TA, Cousins MM, Tate CA, Seidler FJ. 2001. Persistent cholinergic presynaptic deficits after neonatal chlorpyrifos exposure. Brain Res 902(2):229-243. PMID:11384617

2000

• Auman JT, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2000. Neonatal chlorpyrifos exposure targets multiple proteins governing the hepatic adenylyl cyclase signaling cascade: implications for neurotoxicity. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 121(1):19-27. PMID:10837889
• Crumpton TL, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2000. Developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos in vivo and in vitro: effects on nuclear transcription factors involved in cell replication and differentiation. Brain Res 857(1-2):87-98. PMID:10700556
• Crumpton TL, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2000. Is oxidative stress involved in the developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos?. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 121(2):189-195. PMID:10876031
• Dam K, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2000. Chlorpyrifos exposure during a critical neonatal period elicits gender-selective deficits in the development of coordination skills and locomotor activity. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 121(2):179-187. PMID:10876030